چكيده لاتين :
One way to improve the quality of the human environment is to clear its spatial hierarchy.
For this purpose, public, semi-public, semi-private and private areas should be clearly
separated, and their border areas should be distinguished. This will increase the sense of
attachment to the environment and gives identity to the residential environments. This
article aims to investigate the concept of territory as one of the factors affecting the quality
of the human relationship with the residential environment. To achieve this objective, the
concept of territory and the factors affecting it are defined. According to the theoretical
foundations presented, it can be stated that the territory is a mechanism to monitor the
border between self and others, and is a mean to achieve the desired privacy. The main
feature of the territory is its high dependency on culture. It also has features such as a sense
of identity and possibility of personalization.
Many factors affect the territory, including social factors, cognitive-psychological factors,
physical factors, functional factors, geographical-cultural factors, as well as time. The
concept also has human systems such as the primary territory (on which individuals have
full and extensive monitoring), secondary territory (with less central and exclusive role,
and acts as a bridge between the primary and the public territory), and public territory (is
quite temporary and almost anyone has access to and the right to use it); according to the
research objective, this human hierarchy will be studied in Noghan district.
In the early Islamic centuries, the holy city of Mashhad was created by combining the
ancient city of Noghan and the surrounding villages. After the martyrdom of Imam Reza
(AS) and joining of Mashhad-al-Reza and Noghan, the name Mashhad became widespread.
However, the physicality and name of Noghan still remained in the vicinity of Mashhad
until today and for a thousand and two hundred years. Therefore, Noghan is one of the
oldest district in the city of Mashhad. Despite the importance of Noghan district in historical
studies, beliefs, architecture, and urban planning as an intertextuality document, large part
of it disappeared after recent implementation of modernization and reconstruction projects
in the fabric surrounding Imam Reza holy shrine. With regard to the physical progress of the project in other sectors, the least amount of manipulation and progress happened in
Noghan district. This represents the necessity to protect the identity of the district. One of the
salient features of this district is placement of holy shrine in direction of Qibla, pointed to as biqibla
feature of the distrcit. This unique feature causes accommodation of pilgrims from Arabic
countries in Noghan and sense of attachment of most of the resident to the area.
In this district, because of accommodation of pilgrims in the houses of people residing in the
fabric, certain type of life has been formed, and the area classifications and spatial hierarchies
have been changed. Therefore, this study examines the spatial hierarchy and the area classification
in the district, and finally, provides recommendations to improve the quality of shelter design
in the district. This study applies, its variable is qualitative, and its practical method includes
document-based studies, questionnaires, and field observations. The results show that the
human territory system in Noghan district has taken a special form for simultaneous presence of
pilgrims and residents in the same residential house. In fact, due to this coexistence, the initial
territory is limited. Secondary territory in this neighborhood has found dual and fluid nature,
so as due to the characteristics of its audience (reference culture, length of residence, type of
residence etc.) is moving toward the public or private sphere.
This fluid nature is less aggregated to physical dimensions, and more related to perceptivepsychological
dimensions. Therefore, due to the simultaneous presence of self and others, the
secondary territory in this area is divided into the semi-public and semi-private spaces, where
the scale for the area classification varies according to the target audience. Holy Shrine of
Imam Reza (AS) is one of the most important factors leading to increased length of residence
and satisfaction of residents, and hence affects the perception of territories. In addition, the
district due to be near to the holy shrine has a 24 hours living, resulting in increased security.
Finally, it can be stated that the nature of the territory in this neighborhood is exposed to a kind
of transformation. Thus, since identity of residential hierarchy in the district depends on mixing
of residents and pilgrims and its recreating should be performed based on the lifestyle of its
residents and the existing territorial system, to preserve the residents of the fabric and enhance
local identity.
