كليدواژه :
آرايههاي گياهي , تزيينات گچبري , دوره اسلامي تا قرن هشتم هجري , گونه شناسي , تركيب‌بندي
چكيده فارسي :
آرايه هاي گياهي، يكي از بارزترين نقوش به كار برده شده در انواع هنرها به شمار مي رود كه همواره حضوري بارز و مستمر داشته و با غناي بسيار به اجرا درآمده است. استفاده از اين گروه آرايه ها در تزيينات معماري نيز به وفور مشاهده مي شود و تزيينات گچ بري هم، از اين قاعده مستثني نيستند. نحوه تركيب بندي آرايه هاي گياهي، در هر دوره از ويژگي هاي خاصي برخوردار بوده است، گرچه بخش عمده اي از اين تركيب بندي ها در طي قرون متمادي به دفعات تكرار شده كه مي تواند به عنوان ويژگي سبكي تزيينات گياهي نيز به شمار آيد. هدف اين پژوهش، گونه شناسي و طبقه بندي تركيب بندي هاي شاخص گياهي در تزيينات گچ بري قرون اوليه اسلامي تا پايان قرن هشتم هجري است. در راستاي دستيابي به اين هدف، پرسش اصلي اين پژوهش چنين است: رايج ترين تركيب بندي هاي گياهي در تزيينات گچبري دوره اسلامي تا پايان قرن هشتم هجري كدام است؟ كدام تركيب بندي ها را مي توان از جمله ويژگي هاي شاخص آرايههاي گياهي در يك دوره يا بازه زماني خاص، به شمار آورد؟ روش يافته اندوزي بر اساس پژوهشي ميداني (عكاسي – طرح خطي1 تصاوير) و با استناد به منابع مكتوب انجام شده كه به روش تاريخي- تطبيقي، به تحليل داده هاي بدست آمده از نمونه هاي مطالعاتي مي پردازد. نتايج حاصله، كه از بررسي تزيينات گچبري داراي آرايه هاي گياهي در دوره اسلامي تا اواخر قرن هشتم هجري، به دست آمده حاكي از آن است كه؛ مي توان تركيب بندي هاي موجود در نمونه هاي مطالعاتي را به 9 گروه عمده طبقه بندي نمود كه برخي از اين گونه ها تقريبا در تمامي دوره هاي تاريخي استمرار داشته است از آن جمله مي توان به؛ تركيب بندي هاي دو اسليمي و سه اسليمي در حاشيه ها و استفاده از بند/ساقه هاي ظريف با قوس هاي حلزوني اشاره نمود. اما تعدادي از اين تركيب بندي ها در دوره هاي تاريخي متاخر (قرون هفتم و هشتم هجري) رو به تكامل نهاده و يا از كاربرد بيشتري برخوردار است كه استفاده از تركيب بندي هاي گياهي چند لايه، كاربرد ساقه گياهي ظريف در پس زمينه، قوس هاي حلزوني با پيچش زياد و ... از آن جمله است.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: The plant decorations are considered as the most obvious designs that are used elaborately
in different works of art. They are also used frequently in architectural decoration, particularly the ones
made of stucco. The way these plant ornaments are composed characterizes the period in which they
were created though many of these compositions have been repeated frequently over centuries. The
goal of this research is to study the typology and classify the significant plant compositions in the stucco
decorations from the Islamic period to the fourteenth century. In order to achieve this goal, the following
questions should be answered:
• What are the most popular plant compositions in the stucco decorations from the Islamic period to the
fourteenth century?
• Which compositions can be considered as the significant features of plant ornaments in a certain period?
Methodology: The research method and tools used in this research are mostly historical-analytical
because the research problem is based on the historical context around the characteristics of architectural
works and the aim of the study is to identify the types of the stuccoworks of the Islamic period in Iran
until the end of the eighth century AH. Therefore, in this research, the study of these formal properties
in stucco works will be done in terms of composition with an inductive strategy. In this regard, it has
been tried to use objective observations and field studies and library resources to distinguish the plant
ornaments used in these works from other motifs (geometric motifs and inscriptions) referring to the
Iranian stucco works of the Islamic period until the end of the eighth century AH, which enjoyed relative
stability because according to preliminary findings, there was no independent hypothesis or research in
this regard. Then the plant decorations were categorized and typified according to similarities in their
composition, and in order to better understand it by the audience and to adapt the description provided
for the composition of the samples, linear plans are mapped using the software Corel Draw and in the
following, by comparing the samples, analyzes are provided.
Conclusion: The data was collected based upon written sources and field research (photography, linear
print of the images) and analyzed through comparative-historical method. The results of this study
suggest that the compositions existing in the samples can be classified into 9 groups some of which have
been repeated in all historical periods, like the two and three-arabesque compositions in the margins and
delicate joint/ stems with snail-shaped arches. But some of these compositions, including multi-layered plant compositions, delicate plant stems in the backgrounds, snail-shaped arches, etc., were evolved in some
centuries, i.e. 13th and 14th centuries, or used more frequently
