تجلي عالم مثال در طراحي فضاي شهري، سيري از خيال تا واقعيت موردپژوهي: ميدان قبله شهر مشهد مقدس

Manifestation of Mundus Imaginalis in Urban Design, from Imagination to Reality Case Study: Qibla plaza, Mashhad

فرهنگ و دانش ايراني- اسلامي، گنجينه‌اي غني از اصول و معيارهاي بهتر زيستن در زمينه‌هاي اجتماعي، اقتصادي، فرهنگي مي‌باشد. با نگاهي به تمدن و تاريخ اسلامي، مي‌توان دريافت همواره بازتاب انديشه‌هاي مذهبي و فرهنگي حاكم در قالب ابعاد مختلف زندگي از جمله معماري و شهرسازي، قابل شناسايي بوده است. با اين حال يكي از موضوعاتي كه كمتر در شهرسازي معاصر بدان توجه مي‌شود؛ و منجر به بحران هويتي در عصر حاضر شده است؛ فراهم آوردن امكاني براي تلفيق هنر طراحي فضاهاي شهري با هنر و معنويت اسلامي مي‌باشد. هنري كه بتواند نمودي از عالم مثال و خيال‌انگيز آسماني بر روي زمين باشد و همواره باور و ارزش‌هاي اعتقادي مردم را متذكر شود. از اين رو، پژوهش حاضر با هدف استخراج اصول كاربردي از ميان نظريات انديشمندان اسلامي، ابتدا نظريات مرتبط با موضوع ادراك، عالم مثال و خيال از ديدگاه انديشمندان اسلامي و ايراني را گردآوري و دسته‌بندي نموده؛ و پس از آن به بررسي چگونگي كاربرد اين اصول در فضاهاي شهري ايراني پرداخته است. مقاله حاضر داراي رويكرد كيفي بوده و همچنين بر پايه پارادايم «تفسير گرايي» بنا شده است. روش تحقيق از نوع «تحليلي-تطبيقي» بوده و در جهت تبديل نظريات بنيادين به نظريات كاربردي تلاش مي‌نمايد. در اين راستا، به منظور تبيين روشن موضوع، ميدان قبله مشهد نيز به عنوان محدوده‌ي مورد مطالعه انتخاب گرديده و در انتها چارچوبي براي راهنماي طراحي اين ميدان تدوين شده است. نتايج تحقيق نشان مي‌دهد عالم خيال و تجليات آن همواره در نظريات انديشمندان بزرگ مورد توجه بوده و نمود آن در فضاهاي شهري در قالب عناصر مختلف كه مهم‌ترين آن‌ها نور و هندسه مي‌باشد؛ تجلي مي‌يابد. بدين منظور، يكي از مهم‌ترين اصول در وادي خيال كه امر «زوجيت» است در قالب اصول چهارگانه «روشنايي و تاريكي»، «درون و برون»، «سكون و حركت» و «تقارن و عدم تقارن» در شهر قابل استفاده مي‌باشد. اين اصول به صورت تطبيقي با معيارهاي طراحي شهري در قالب كيفيت‌هاي «سلسله‌مراتب، وحدت در عين كثرت، تاكيد، تباين، اين هماني، تعادل حسي، تناسبات، يكبارگي و دربرگيرندگي» و همچنين ارائه‌ي راهكارهايي در ذيل هريك، نشان داده شده‌اند

If one looks with the eye of discernment upon the extremely varied manifestations of Islamic art over vast expanses of space and time, the question arises as to the source of the unifying principles of this art. What is the origin of this art and the nature of this unifying principle whose dazzling effect can hardly be denied? The question of the origin of Islamic art and the nature of the forces and principles which brought this art into being must therefore be related to the world view of Islam itself, to the Islamic revelation, one of whose radiations is directly the sacred art of Islam and indirectly the whole of Islamic art. there is an inner nexus between Islamic architecture and Islamic cosmology and angelology. The Islamic cosmos is based on the emphasis upon God as the Unique Origin of all beings, on the hierarchy of existence which relies upon the One and is ordered by His Command, on the levels of existence which relate matter to the subtle world, the subtle world to the angelic, the angelic to the archangelic, the archangelic to the Spirit or al-ruh and the Spirit to God's primordial creative act. This cosmos is based on order and harmony which is more than the result of the direct manifestation of the One in the many. By examining the past works of architecture and urbanization, we can see the traces of the manifestation of the imaginary universe in the artwork. One of the examples for these works are Safavid dynasty monuments, such as Imam's mosque in Isfahan, which is an example of the application and expression of the other world in architecture. Iranian-Islamic culture and knowledge are a rich treasure of the principles and Criterions in all social, economic, cultural and other fields of life. By Looking at Islamic history and civilization, we can always find the reflection of religious and cultural ideas in all aspects of life, including architecture and urbanization. However, one of the issues that is less contemplated in contemporary urbanism, which has led to an identity crisis in the present era, is to provide an opportunity to combine the art of designing urban spaces with Islamic spirituality and art. this kind of art can illustrate the example of the other world by revealing the signs of world of imagination on earth and always point out the beliefs of the people. Hence, the present study aims to derive the applied principles from among these theories. at first we have discussed and categorized theories related to the subject of perception, the imaginary world and the imagination. these theories have been brought up from the point of view of the Islamic Philosophers and Theorists. then it has been examined how these principles are applied in the Iranian-Islamic urban design. The present paper has a qualitative approach and the research is based on "interpretiveism" paradigm. The research method is "analytical-comparative" and it tries to transform fundamental ideas into applied theories. In this regard, in order to clarify the subject, the Qibla Square of Mashhad has also been selected as a case study and finally, a design framework has been developed. The research results show that the universe of imagination and its manifestations have always been considered in the views of great Philosophers; and its appearance in urban spaces can be expressed as different kind of elements, which most notably are light and geometry. For this purpose, one of the most important principles in the world of imagination is "duality", which is based on the four principles of "light and darkness", "inside and outside", "motion and motionless" and "symmetry and asymmetry". These principles are presented in a comparative manner with urban qualities in the form of "hierarchy, unity while plurality, emphasis, contrast, parity, balance, proportions, integrity, and inclusiveness, etc", as well as the solutions below each.