كليدواژه :
تزيين , مسكن روستايي , معماري بومي , هرم نيازها
چكيده فارسي :
اگرچه به‌واسطه مشاهدات و تحليل‌هاي متواتر پيرامون آثار نفيس و شكوهمند معماري، تزيينات عموماً به‌عنوان مؤلفه‌اي از بناهاي پرهزينه و خاص هر دوره شناخته مي‌شود، اما نياز به تلطيف فضا در مسكن‌هاي كوچك روستايي نيز بروز مي‌يابد كه با مصالح و فناوري و نيروي كار بومي ايجاد مي‌گردند، اما شكل بروز آن متفاوت و فاقد استقلال ماهوي و فيزيكي و متكلفانه است. بخش عمده‌اي از مطالعات انجام شده در ايران كه با محوريت تزيين شكل‌گرفته‌اند، بر مصاديق نفيس تاريخي همچون كاربندي، مقرنس و كاشي‌كاري متمركز بوده‌اند. در اين ميان، «مسكن روستايي» به‌عنوان گونه‌اي از معماري كه با هزينه كم و نيروي كار بومي برپا مي‌شود، كمتر از زاويه تزيينات موردتوجه پژوهشگران قرارگرفته است اما اگر تزيين به معناي آراستن و زينت دادن، ريشه در نيازهاي مشترك انسان داشته باشد، چه نمودي از آن را مي‌توان در مسكن بومي روستايي مشاهده نمود؟ در اين مقاله در پي پاسخ دادن به اين سؤال، روستاي اوان در قزوين كه داراي بافت معماري بومي است، به‌عنوان نمونه مورد مطالعه انتخاب شد و هشت مسكن اين روستا مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. روستاي اوان در هشتاد كيلومتري شمال قزوين و در منطقه‌اي كوهستاني واقع گرديده است. مردم اين روستا معيشت خود را از كشاورزي و دامداري تأمين مي‌كنند. دو منبع كشاورزي يعني آب و خاك مناسب در اين روستا به وفور وجود دارد. خانه‌هاي قديمي‌تر روستا با خشت و گل و سنگ بنا ساخته‌شده‌اند درحالي‌كه خانه‌هاي امروزي آن از مصالحي همچون آجر سيمان و سنگ تشكيل شده‌اند.
اين پژوهش در دو مرحله ميداني و كتابخانه‌اي به انجام رسيده است. مرحله اول شامل بازديد و مستندسازي مسكن‌هاي روستا و ثبت شواهد تجربي و مرحله دوم شامل مرور ادبيات مرتبط با تزيين و مسكن روستايي، سپس تحليل و استدلال منطقي پيرامون موضوع است.
هدف اصلي از ارائه اين مقاله، بازخواني مفهوم تزيين در مسكن روستايي ايران و نمونه موردبررسي، تزيينات مسكن در روستاي اوان استان قزوين است. نتايج حاصل از اين پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد كه تزيين در مسكن‌هاي روستاي اوان به شكلي غيرمستقل و در پيوند حداكثري با نيازهاي ضروري ظهور و بروز پيدا مي‌كند و مي‌توان تزيين در مسكن‌هاي روستايي را، ايجاد يك انتظام فرا كاركردي ميان عناصر كاركردي بازخواني كرد.
چكيده لاتين :
In architecture and decorative art, ornament is a decoration used to embellish parts of a building or an object. Most ornaments do not include human figures, and if present, they are small compared to the overall scale. Architectural ornament can be carved from stone, wood or precious metals, formed with plaster or clay, painted or impressed onto a surface as an applied ornament; in other applied arts the main material of the objects or other things such as paint or vitreous enamel may be used.
In recent centuries a distinction between the fine arts and applied or decorative arts has been applied, with ornament mainly seen as a feature of the latter class.
Ornaments have been known as some conventional cases such as Cementing, Moqarnas & Tiles. Usually ornamentation is associated with some concepts like glory so Researchers of ornamentation field are less interested in Rural Housing as kind of low-cost architecture and indigenous workforce.
Housing has been one of the concerns of human for various stages of life. Its formation in different periods of history has been based on the physical and emotional needs of both human beings in the forest and human beings in the caves and their tools.
Rural native housing is a picture of the life style and context of the rural which serves a specific way of human activity and they have deep relation with the environment and depend on it. The rural houses which are built with poor budget and in a short time are the significant cases for this study.
If we assume ornamentation as some human needs to aesthetics or meaning, the question is “Can we identify the trace of ornament on a rural house?”
This research has been done in two stages of the field and library. The first stage involves visiting and documenting rural dwellings and recording empirical evidence, and the second stage, including the review of literature related to decorating and rural housing, then analyzing and rational reasoning around the subject. The overall structure of this research is based on the qualitative research method. Qualitative research generally refers to research whose findings have not been obtained through statistical processes and for quantitative purposes. The data of this type of research is collected through observation, interviewing or oral interactions, and focuses on the meanings and contributions of the participants.
So the Ovan village was chosen for this research and 8 houses were chosen as samples for the study. Desk and field study were done together. Ovan Village is situated in a mountainous area 80 km northeast of Qazvin city. People of Ovan village mostly earn their livelihood by working in the fields of agriculture and animal husbandry. The two sources of agriculture, that is good soil and water, can be found amply in the village. Older houses of the village are built with adobe, clay, wood and stones, while newer houses are made of materials such as brick, cement and iron. Apparently, the lifestyle of its residents has affected the form and structure of residential units. As a result, houses in Ovan usually have large yards, a living room, guest room, kitchen, balcony, storehouse for keeping agricultural products, a small garden and at times a special space for keeping fowls and cattle.The results show that in the rural houses of Ovan, the ornament has emerged as a “nonfunctional order between functional elements of architecture”.
