كليدواژه :
سينما , تاريخ , فيلم تاريخي , تاريخ نگاري , تاريخ نگاري بصري - فيلميك
چكيده فارسي :
فيلم تاريخي همواره مقوله اي بحث انگيز بين مورخان و فيلم سازان بوده است. در سه دهه ي اخير كه توليد اين گونه فيلم رشد چشمگيري يافته، ميزان پژوهش ها يي كه به فيلم هاي تاريخي و يا به رابطه ي فيلم و تاريخ پرداخته اند نيز افزايش يافته است. اين مقاله با بكارگيري روش پژوهش كتابخانه اي و اسنادي، پس از معرفي انواع فيلم هاي تاريخي، به مقوله ي تاريخ نگاري مي پردازد و ديدگاه هاي متفاوت مورخان، فيلم سازان و پژوهشگران را به بحث مي گذارد. سپس موضوع را با طرح مطالب زير پي مي گيرد: اعتبار فيلم به مثابه ي سند در پژوهش هاي تاريخي و علمي ، تمايز تاريخ و فيلم تاريخي، مقايسه ي كار تاريخ نگار با خالق فيلم تاريخي، فيلم تاريخي به مثابه ي تاريخ بصري و روش هاي تاريخ نگاري فيلميك. در انتها چنين نتيجه گيري مي شود كه رابطه ي سينما با تاريخ نگاري، با شكل گيري و تحول اين گونه، بر مناسبات زير استوار است: تصوير كردن وقايع، دوره ها و شخصيت هاي تاريخي، تحول فن آوري هاي فيلم، تغيير در بينش فيلم سازان نسبت به تاريخ و تاريخ نگاران نسبت به سينما، و پيدايش شيوه هاي جديد تاريخ نگاري (از جمله «تاريخ نگاري بصري» به روش فيلميك).
چكيده لاتين :
Historical Film is one the most prominent, continuous & oldest genre in film history. As a matter of fact, it has
been the mere cause for so many discussions & Controversies between historians and filmmakers. Making
historical films, specifically in terms of quantity of researches about this genre, has increased since 1980s. This
article, after introducing all sub–genres of historical films (fiction historical films, topical films, metahistorical
films and documentary historical films, compilation documentary, recreation documentaries, docudramas and
docufictions), would discuss & criticize the subject from the viewpoint of different historians, researchers
& filmmakers by documental & library research methods. Among these sub-genes or types of historical
films, fiction films and, in certain cases, some documentary films about historical periods and figures, also
the methods of representation historical facts by filmmakers, are in the center of discussions and arguments
between historians and film producers. Then, the article continues the subject as followings:
- The role and authenticity of film as a document in historical and scientific researches
- Distinction between historiography and historical filmmaking
- Comparison between activities of a historian and a historical filmmaker in relation to history
- Historical film as visual historiography
- The methods of filmic historiography (documentary and fiction)
Today, the relation between history and film (film as a medium, as an art, as a document and as a means
in training and scientific researches) has many different dimensions and characteristics: for writing or
representing its own history as an audio-visual medium or as an art (film historiography), its effects on history
(socially, economically, politically), the functions of film productions as historical sources or documents for
history studies and historical researches (film as testimony and discourse for history) and finally, “film as a
visionary truth” for pure scientific/experimental field researches. In modern historiography some historians
and history scholars have begun a new method for “writing” or representing history from1990s. This new
method is “visual historiography” or “historiophoty”: the representation of history and our thoughts about
it in visual images and filmic discourse -this new method is suggested by Hayden White (famous American
historian- b.1928, the author of “metahistory”) in an essay, historiography and historiophoty, in American
Historical Review in 1988. The approaches of visual historiography (historiophoty) comes from this idea or
philosophy of some contemporary historians about cinema: the films -including historical films- have affected
us (historians) for many years, and we, in our turn, have affected the knowledge of history only by “words”.
Now, we should represent the history by visual images and filmic discourse. Finally, the article comes to these
conclusions: Developing the relationship between cinema and historiography -during formation of historical
film genre- has been depended on below parameters:
- Depicting historical events, periods and figures
- Change in filmmakers’ viewpoints on history and historians’ viewpoints on film.
- Emergence of new schools and methods in historiography (including visual/filmic method of
historiography).
