بازشناسي مفهوم قلمرو در سه حوزه كالبدي، رفتاري و معناشناختي در معماري كوچ (مطالعه موردي: عشاير بويراحمد)

Re-conceptualizing Territory in Physical, Behavioral and Semantic Realms in Nomadic Architecture: A Case Study of Boyer Ahmadi Nomads

معماري كوچ و زندگي عشاير، جنبه­ هاي نهفته­‌ بسيار دارد كه متأثر از شيوه­‌ زندگي كوچ ­نشينان و فرهنگ و اجتماع آن­ها مي­باشد. كوچ‌نشيني شيوه‌اي از زندگي با جابه­ جايي سالانه و موسمي است كه گروهي ازمردم همراه با چهارپايان خود، از محل چادرهاي زمستاني تا چراگاه­هاي تابستاني نقل مكان مي‌كنند و در فصل سرما دوباره به اردوگاه زمستاني خود باز مي­گردند. پديده كوچ نوعي هماهنگي و سازش انسان با محيط طبيعي است كه تا حدودي تحت تأثير جبر محيطي نيز قرار دارد. بر اين اساس مي‌توان چنين پنداشت كه زندگي كوچ‌نشيني يك نوع امرار معاش و بالطبع يك مسئله فرهنگي است كه شيوه‌ زندگي خاصي را معرفي مي­كند. در اين خصوص مفهوم قلمرو به‌عنوان يكي از مفاهيم مطرح در مطالعات انساني و محيطي، در شكل­گيري نظام فضايي اين نوع معماري، از جايگاه ويژه­اي برخوردار است. اين مفهوم بيش از آن­كه يك ويژگي كالبدي باشد، مفهومي ذهني بوده كه هم در ساختار كالبدي محيط و هم الگوهاي رفتاري ساكنين و معاني كه ساكنين از محيط زندگي خود ادراك مي­كنند، نمود دارد. با اين حال چنين به‌نظر مي­رسد كه بررسي اين مفهوم در معماري كوچ، با توجه به نوع زندگي و شيوه سكونت خاص اين افراد، كمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. لذا پژوهش حاضر ضمن بررسي نوع زندگي و شيوه سكونت خاص اين افراد و نيز سازمان فضايي اين نوع زندگي، به بررسي مفهوم قلمرو در سه حوزه كالبدي، رفتاري و معناشناختي در ايل سادات­ محمودي از طوايف بويراحمد سفلي به‌عنوان نمونه موردي مي­پردازد. بر اين اساس با مراجعه حضوري به محل زندگي اين عشاير و تهيه نقشه و كروكي از سازمان فضايي ايل و همچنين انجام مصاحبه و مشاهده، به گردآوري اطلاعات لازم پرداخته شده است. نتايج تحقيق نشان داد كه مفهوم قلمرو در سه بعد كالبدي، عملكردي و معنايي در معماري كوچ‌، نمود دارد و اين مفهوم هم از بعد عيني و هم از بعد ذهني قابل مشاهده است.

The nomadic architecture and life style have many latent aspects, influenced by the ways of living of nomads, their culture and society. Nomadic life involves annual and temporal movement, where a group of people, along with their livestock, move from winter tents to summer pastures and return again in the cold season to their winter camp. This movement presents some sort of harmony with the natural environment, partly influenced by environmental forces. On this basis, we can assume that the nomadic life is a livelihood and, hence, a cultural issue. In this regard, the concept of territory as one of the key concepts in human and environmental studies has a special place in the formation of the spatial system of nomadic architecture. More than being a physical concept, territory is a mental concept that effects both the physical structure of the environment, the behavior patterns of the inhabitants and the meanings that inhabitants assign to their environment. However, it seems that little attention has been paid to examining this concept in nomadic architecture. Therefore, the present pper studies the life style of nomadic people and the spatial organization associated with this type of living and examines the concept of territory in three realms of physical, behavioral, and semantic in ILL Sadat-Mahmudi of Boyerahmad Semli tribes as a case study. For this purpose we conducted a fieldwork in the places of living of these tribes, mapped their settlements, and used interviews and observation for collecting data. The findings of the research conceptualized territory in three realms of physical, functional and semantic in nomadic architecture, from both the objective and the subjective points. The physical patterns and living spaces of the nomadic people can be categorized into primary (private), secondary (semi-public) and public areas. The primary realm is the interior of black space of Chador (tent) where people live. The secondary realm refers to the open space in front of the tent, located between the tent and livestock’s spaces. In this space, preparing food and dairy products, washing and livestock storage take place. The public realm also refers to the open space between the tents, which is formed between several black tents. In each of these territories, different activities can be observed, including eating, resting, welcoming guests and the like in the private sphere; livestock related activities, food preparation, washing and the like in the secondary domain; and finally, social activities, including pillboxes, ritual ceremonies and the like in the public domain. Ultimately, each of these territories and their associated behaviors and activities, leads to the formation of different meanings for inhabitants, which are related to the characteristics of tribal life. Among these meanings, one can refer to warfare, hospitality, freedom, self-affirmation, and so on. Furthermore, there is a two-way relationship between spatial characteristics, behavior patterns and meanings in nomadic settlements. This means that the physical characteristics of space in the lives of nomads facilitates the formation of certain behaviors and limits others in particular territories. These meanings are formed through the harmony between the physical characteristics of the environment and behavioral patterns that take place in them. These meaning