طراحي و شكل‌گيري خانه روستايي به روايت معماران قديمي (مطالعه موردي: روستاهاي شهرستان گرمسار)

Traditional Architects’ Accounts of the Processes of Rural and Country Housing Design and Construction (Case Study of Garmsar & Surrounding Townships)

مسكن روستايي كه حدود يك سوم از جمعيت كل كشور را در خود جاي داده است، داراي ويژگي‌هاي كالبدي مختلفي است كه تحت تأثير عوامل اقتصادي، اجتماعي، فرهنگي و محيطي مختلف و در پاسخ به مجموعه نيازهاي زيست‌بوم روستا شكل گرفته است. در شكل‌گيري خانه‌ روستايي دو ركن اصلي معمار و بهره‌بردار نقش اساسي دارند، از اين‌رو مشاركت معمار ماهر با اهالي روستا، در شكل‌گيري خانه مطلوب روستايي نقش به‌سزايي دارد. امروزه اغلب خانه‌هاي روستايي كشور‌ و به‌طور خاص روستاهاي منطقه گرمسار با مشكلاتي از قبيل‌ عدم هويت، فقدان آرامش و صميميت، عدم تأمين آسايش اقليمي، ناپايداري زيستي و به‌طور محسوس با كاهش مشاركت ساكنان روستا در طراحي و ساخت خانه‌ها‌ مواجه هستند. بررسي راهكارهاي عملياتي به‌منظور افزايش بازدهي و مدت بهره‌برداري از ساختمان‌هاي روستايي‌ و همچنين طراحي خانه روستايي با تأكيد بر «مشاركت فعال مردم» در روستاهاي اين منطقه‌ از ‌‌مهم‌ترين اهداف پژوهش حاضر است. پژوهش حاضر به ثبت و تحليل روش‌هاي رايج در معماري منطقه دشت گرمسار و شناسايي زمينه‌هاي هويت بخش معماري روستايي منطقه پرداخته و روش تحقيق آن مبتني بر روش تحقيق كيفي است. براي گردآوري داده‌هاي كيفي علاوه بر مشاهدات ميداني از روش مصاحبه عميق و نيمه‌ ساختاريافته در ميدان مورد مطالعه، يعني روستاهاي دشت گرمسار استفاده شده است. مبناي تحليل يافته‌ها قياس تطبيقي بين ويژگي‌ها و الگوهاي معماري خانه در گذشته و امروز در روستاهاي منطقه گرمسار است تا از طريق مقايسه، ويژگي‌هاي شاخص معماري روستايي منطقه شناسايي شود. معماري روستايي قديم منطقه گرمسار واجد شاخص‌ها و معيارهاي ارزنده‌اي است كه مي‌تواند پس از شناسايي و دسته‌بندي از طريق مطالعات ميداني، در ساخت ‌و سازهاي جديد مورد بهره‌برداري قرار گيرد. به اين ترتيب نه تنها ارتباط بين نسل‌ها در بستر اجتماعي روستا تداوم خواهد يافت‌ بلكه هويت كالبد فضايي آن نيز در انطباق با نيازهاي ساكنين روستا‌ كه خود مشاركت و نقش مستقيم در مراحل مختلف فرايند طراحي و احداث مساكن روستايي دارند، بازسازي و احيا خواهد شد. اين مقوله موجب پيدايش احساس تعلق خاطر، باز زنده‌سازي سبك زندگي روستايي مبتني بر توليد، كاهش مصرف انرژي و تأمين آسايش اقليمي با استفاده از تكنيك‌هاي معماري، افزايش مشاركت ساكنان و در مجموع موجب ارتقاي سطح كيفي زندگي در مساكن روستايي نوساز منطقه خواهد بود

Around one third of Iranian population live in rural housing. The physical characteristics of rural housing have been shaped by economic, social, cultural and environmental factors and in response to the ecological and livelihood needs. Architects and inhabitants play fundamental roles in the formation of rural housing. Therefore, their cooperation can influence creating desirable rural housings. Nowadays most rural houses of Iran, and in particular Garmsar County’s rural settlements, face a number of problems such as identity crisis, climate discomfort and environmental unsustainability. These problems have been exacerbated by a decrease in rural people participation in the process of design and construction of their houses. The aim of this research is to identify policies for increasing the efficiency and durability of rural housing as well as promoting active participation of people in the processes of housing design and construction. This research adopts a qualitative approach. It studies and analyses prevalent methods and techniques of traditional rural architecture in Garmsar County and explores those elements that shape the identity of vernacular architecture in this area. Collecting qualitative data relied on in-depth and semi-structured interviews with traditional architects of Garmsar rural districts as well as field observations. One of the approaches used in this study is action research. This approach requires a collaborative procedure between the researcher and rural inhabitants. This research highlights the importance of learning through practical experiences in developing local capacities, adaptable to the rural living condition. The analysis is based on a comparison between the characteristics and patterns of old and new rural housing architecture in Garmsar, Iran. Vernacular rural architecture of Gamsar area has elements and aspects that can be adopted in new architecture of rural housing. Not only can such adoption ensure the continuity across generations, but also it can revive the physical identity of the space and its responsiveness to the needs of villagers. This revitalization can be conducive to a sense of place attachment among rural inhabitants and restoring production-based rural life style, reducing energy consumption and enhancing climate comfort, increasing people participation and improving the quality of their lives. This study reveals that the reduction of villagers participation and a gradual disappearance of people-led housing processes in rural areas, has led the vernacular architecture methods and techniques being forgotten and also the identity of rural life style and housing architecture in Garmsar county being damaged. In a mutual cooperation between dwellers and designers in the construction process, an accurate understanding of the needs and problems of inhabitants by local architects can reduce construction costs and increase the satisfaction of the villagers. Awareness is one of the essentials of participation. In today’s rural life, factors such as a lack of participatory experiences and awareness among the new generation compared to the previous ones regarding production-based housing and livelihood needs and the increasing similarity between rural and urban housing and living style have adversely affected rural people participation in housing. In order to promote people-centered rural development, it is necessary to prepare the ground for the presence of the clients – that is residents - alongside designers in the whole process of design and construction, in order to provide a better understanding of their living and livelihood spaces