چكيده فارسي :
سانحه بر روي كودكان تأثيرات منفي فراواني دارد. هدف از احداث «فضاهاي دوستدار كودك» بعد از سانحه، علاوه بر ايجاد شرايط مناسب فيزيكي و رواني كه در بازتواني سريع‌تر كودكان مؤثر خواهد بود، فراهم آوردن فرصتي براي كودكان در راستاي شكل دادن و يا تغيير محيط اطرافشان است. شهر بم بعد از زلزله سال 1382 از نمونه‌هايي بود كه رويكرد دوستدار كودك در بازسازي آن مورد توجه قرار گرفت و سازمان‌هاي دولتي، غيردولتي و بين‌المللي حامي كودكان در آن حضور يافته و «فضاهاي دوستدار كودك» متعددي را احداث نمودند. هدف اين مقاله ارزيابي تأثيرات ناشي از اين فضاها بر روي استفاده كنندگان آن، بعد از گذشت 10 سال از زلزله است. از آنجا‌كه ماهيت اين پژوهش، تجزيه و تحليل موردي بوده، روش تحقيق كيفي انتخاب شده و نويسندگان از روش اكتشافي، توصيفي، همراه با تحليل محتوا جهت فرايند تحليل داده‌ها استفاده نموده‌اند. داده‌هاي مورد نياز از طريق بررسي مستندات و گزارش‌ها به‌دست آمد و همچنين در اين پژوهش به‌منظور دستيابي به اطلاعات دست اول، سفرهايي به شهر بم انجام شد و مصاحبه‌هاي عميق و نشست‌هاي گروهي، با حضور جمعي از افرادي كه در هنگام زلزله سنشان بين 3-13 سال بوده است، به‌همراه والدينشان و همچنين مربيان فضاهاي دوستدار كودك انجام شد. بدين ترتيب نظرات كودكان آن زمان (نوجوانان و جوانان فعلي) در ارتباط با فضاهاي دوستدار كودك جمع‌آوري و تحليل گرديد. نتايج پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد كه با وجود آن‌كه بيشتر كودكان از اين‌گونه فضاها نسبتاً راضي بودند اما چالش‌هايي در زمينه‌هاي طراحي و نيز اقدام و عملكرد بهينه اين‌گونه فضاها وجود دارد. به‌عنوان‌مثال در زمينه طراحي چنين فضاهايي، در نظر گرفتن تأثير اقليم در طراحي و نيز استفاده از دانش معماري بومي در اين راستا، طراحي و تأمين مبلمان، معماري داخلي و تجهيزات مناسب براي كودكان، استفاده از چادر مقاوم و ضد آب و نيز طراحي چادرهاي رنگي منقش به طرح‌هاي كودكانه و شاد از جمله خواست‌هاي كودكان در راستاي طراحي بهينه فضاي دوستدار كودك پس از سانحه در بم است. همچنين در زمينه اقدام و عملكرد، تأمين امنيت مسيرهاي عبوري براي كودكان، بومي‌سازي فعاليت‌ها، تفكيك سرويس‌هاي بهداشتي و نيز افزايش فضاي سبز در كنار فضاي بسته از جمله راهكارهاي پيشنهادي محسوب مي‌شوند.
چكيده لاتين :
Catastrophes often impose negative impacts on children. The purpose of establishing post-disaster child-friendly spaces is to provide an opportunity for children to shape or change their surroundings in addition to create suitable physical and psychological conditions that facilitate a faster rehabilitation of children after disasters. On December 26, 2003, an earthquake of magnitude 6.3 on the Richter scale hit the city of Bam in Kerman Province. As a result, many children suffered from, and faced, many issues such as legal, psychological, anatomic, economic, social problems. They needed constant and urgent psychological and social support including access to safe places for leisure and recreation to overcome their psychological pressures. After the earthquake of 2003 governmental and international organizations and NGOs got involved in planning and implementing several projects for creating such spaces for children. These spaces are known as child friendly spaces in Bam and have been at the center of attention of the authorities during the first days after the earthquake.
Nevertheless, due to a lack of documented experiences of such projects inside the country, these activities were carried out through trial and error. It seems that, 10 years after the earthquake, an evaluation of the impacts of child-friendly spaces is particularly important. This paper presents a qualitative assessment of these projects, relying on the content analysis of the collected data. In this study, interviews and focus group meetings were conducted, with those who aged between 3-13 at the time of the earthquake, who became juvenile and adolescent in the time of data collection, along with their parents and educators working in child friendly spaces; and thus comments of children in relation to child friendly spaces were collected and analyzed. All interviewees and informants used child-friendly spaces. Furthermore, the researchers have conducted field observation, interview and participatory observation with the aim of collecting and analyzing documents and reports relevant to the event. In this study documents and reports of governmental organizations such as national welfare organization, international organizations like UNICEF and also non-governmental organizations like the society for protecting working children were analyzed, and the required information has been extracted. The results show that despite the shortfalls of these projects, the effect of child-friendly spaces on children's communication skills has been very significant.
Children have emphasized the importance of such spaces for building relationships with their peers and how these spaces provided them with an opportunity to interact in the society, heightened their awareness of risks and enhanced their social skills and capabilities. Results also indicate that although most children expressed satisfaction with these spaces, there are still challenges in terms of planning and design of such spaces. For example, children’s suggestions for an optimal planning and design of such spaces included considering local climate and vernacular architectural know-how in designing such spaces, providing suitable furniture, interior design and equipment for children, separating toilets for girls and boys, the use of resistant and waterproof tents with colorful drawings. Furthermore, increasing green spaces and interior spaces as well as providing a safe access to such facilities were requested by children for designing child friendly spaces in Bam.
