پديد آورندگان :
صلاحي اصفهاني، گيتي دانشگاه پيام نور - گروه جغرافياي , ميرزاعلي، محمد دانشگاه پيام نور - گروه جغرافياي , سادين، حسين دانشگاه پيام نور - گروه جغرافياي
كليدواژه :
دهستان سلطانعلي , وام مسكن , طرح بهسازي مسكن , الگوي بومي مسكن , روستاهاي تركمن نشين
چكيده فارسي :
توسعه روستاها و مقاوم‌سازي مسكن روستايي همواره يكي از مهمترين دغدغه‌هاي برنامه‌ريزان روستايي بوده است. در اين راستا طرح‌هاي مختلفي در قالب برنامه‌هاي توسعه به اجرا گذاشته شده كه طرح ويژه بهسازي و نوسازي مسكن روستايي متأخرترين و يكي از مهمترين اين طرح‌ها در كشور مي باشد، طرحي كه با هدف تأمين مسكن متناسب، مقاوم و بادوام روستايي شكل گرفت. در واقع، طرح بهسازي مسكن روستايي، يكي از مهمترين طرح‌هاي كالبدي است كه طي دهه اخير به سبب اختصاص تسهيلات بانكي كم‌بهره از سوي دولت در سراسر كشور با استقبال فراواني از طرف روستاييان روبرو بوده است. اگرچه اين طرح به‌لحاظ رفع محروميت و مقاوم‌سازي موفقيت قابل ملاحظه‌اي داشته است، اما به‌نظر مي‌رسد معيارهاي مربوط به الگوي بومي مساكن روستايي را كمتر مورد توجه قرار داده است. اين مقاله به ارزيابي اثرات طرح بهسازي مسكن در الگوي بومي مساكن روستاهاي تركمن نشين دهستان سلطانعلي از بخش مركزي شهرستان گنبد كاووس پرداخته است. پژوهش حاضر به‌لحاظ هدف از نوع كاربردي و به‌لحاظ روش‌شناسي به‌صورت توصيفي- تحليلي است كه با استفاده از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته، از 300 سرپرست خانوار روستايي به‌صورت تصادفي ساده به‌دست آمده، به‌طوري كه ميزان پايايي اين ابزار تحقيق با استفاده از روش ضريب آلفاي كرونباخ حدود 8/0=α بوده است. جامعه آماري نيز به دو گروه استفاده‌كنندگان از وام مسكن و فاقد وام مسكن گروه‌بندي شدند. نتايج كلي تحقيق نشان مي‌دهد كه اكثر سرپرستان خانوارهايي كه از طرح بهسازي مسكن روستايي استقبال نموده‌اند، كارگران روستايي بودند كه داراي سنين پايين‌تر و البته از سطح سواد نسبتاً بالاتري برخوردار بوده‌اند. همچنين اگر چه اين طرح در زمينه ارتقاي فرهنگ روستاييان در زمينه تهيه طرح و نقشه، رعايت حريم امنيت و الگوي مصرف انرژي واحدهاي مسكوني نتايج مثبتي داشته، ليكن در زمينه بسياري از معيارهاي الگوي بومي مسكن تركمن از جمله جانمايي خانه در حياط، جهت‌يابي خانه، تغيير كاركردهاي اقتصادي و ارتفاع بنا، نتايج چندان مناسبي نداشته است.
چكيده لاتين :
Rural development and strengthening rural housing have been among the major concerns of politicians and planners in Iran, and in this regard various rural development programs have been designed and implemented so far. Rehabilitation and renovation program for rural housing is the latest and one of the most important of such programs in Iran. This program aims at providing at least two hundred thousand sustainable and resistant housing units in rural areas and hence has been one of the most influential contemporary rural development programs in the country. This program has accelerated the evolution of the form and physical characteristics of rural settlements. Aiming at upgrading the quality of rural housing and settlements and enhancing the safety, health and welfare of their residents, this program initially targeted the marginalized groups and its progress was very slow. In recent years, the program has been expanded by including credits and hence its progress has improved quantitatively and qualitatively. Although the program has been a notable achievement in terms of poverty reduction and enhancing safety, it seems to pay little attention to the vernacular housing typologies and patterns in rural settlements . This article evaluates the impacts of this housing program on vernacular housing patterns in Turkmen villages of Soltan Ali district in Gonbad . This analytical-descriptive study is an applied research. The study focuses on households living in the village of Soltan Ali. A sample of 300 households was selected randomly by using the Cochran formula. Data was collected by using questionnaire with the reliability of 0/8 = α, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis relied on descriptive statistics, test T-Test, Chi-Square and Comolograph- Smirnov . The findings show that although all residential units that were covered by the program and received a housing loan were built by engineers and architects, 45.3% of them was not built in accordance to the approved plans. By comparing the yard area index, it is observed that the yard area in houses which received a housing loan is almost half of those who did not, which highlights a deviation from the vernacular housing typology of the area. The average area of the residential space of both groups is almost similar with 91.5 and 105.5 square meters in the first and second group, respectively. While in Turkmen vernacular architecture, the built area of the house locates in the middle of the plot, in the newly built houses, these areas locate along streets and alleyways, on the edge of plots. Comparing the height index also shows that while in the vernacular architecture double story houses are rare, they become more popular with mixed residential and commercial uses in newly built housing.
The dominant form and orientation in vernacular houses is a rectangular shape facing south, while the newly built ones -inspired by urban architecture - are square or polygon and sometimes are not facing the sun. The most important negative consequence of the housing program in Turkmen region relates to the limited attention paid to the secondary functions of houses, so that 62.6 per cent of houses with loan and 30.7 percent of those without loan had no space for secondary functions of the house. Another change compared to the vernacular architecture is fencing all around parcels for privacy and safety reasons. Given the technical requirements of housing construction in new houses like the use of double-glazed windows, these units show a 70.60 per cent improvement in terms of energy consumption.
