كليدواژه :
معماري دستكند , معماري بومي , عامل شكل‌گيري , كاربري
چكيده فارسي :
معماري دستكند گونه خاصي از معماري است كه در آن هيچ مصالحي براي توليد فضا استفاده نميشود و برخلاف اصول معماري متعارف مسائل ايستايي در اين نوع معماري چندان مورد بحث نيست. اين نوع معماري را مي‌توان به نوعي توليد فضا از طريق ايجاد فضاهاي منفي در بستر كوه و سنگ دانست كه از تركيب فضاهاي پر و خالي متولد مي‌شود و به نوعي پاسخگويي به نيازهاي اقليمي بشر است. فضاهاي دلخواه در اين نوع معماري با برداشتن توده صخرهاي با روش كاستن از بستر اصلي خود به‌وجود ميآيد، بنابراين فضاي مورد نظر به اشكال متفاوت مي‌تواند ايجاد شود. اين شاهكار معماري به گونه هاي متفاوتي در نقاط مختلف ايران زمين قابل مشاهده است. با توجه به مطالعات محدودي كه در زمينه معماري دستكند انجام گرفته، نگارندگان در اين نوشتار سعي بر آن دارند تا ضمن ارائه چيستي اين نوع معماري بومي، به فلسفه و عوامل شكل‌گيري و گونه شناسي آن بپردازد تا زمينه مطالعاتي را براي محققان در اين حوزه مطالعاتي به‌وجود آورد. روش تحقيق در اين مقاله بر‌اساس فعاليتهاي ميداني مي‌باشد كه شامل بازديدهاي ميداني است كه از تعداد زيادي از مجموعه آثار معماري دستكند در نقاط مختلف ايران به‌عمل آمده، همچنين مطالعات كتابخانهاي در راستاي اين موضوع نيز مكمل فعاليتهاي ميداني بوده است. نتايج اين تحقيق نشان ميدهد كه ايجاد مجموعه آثار معماري دستكند به عوامل متعددي از جمله شرايط اقليمي و جغرافيايي، دفاعي و امنيتي، ماندگاري و جاودانگي، ديني و مذهبي بستگي دارد كه در بستري از شرايط فرهنگي، سياسي، اجتماعي و اقتصادي به‌وجود آمده است. همچنين معماري دستكند را به‌‌لحاظ شكل ظاهري (وضعيت قرارگيري)، فرم داخلي (نوع پوشش) فضاها و نوع كاربري (آييني ـ تدفيني، اقامتي ـ سكونتگاهي و مخفيگاهي ـ پناهگاهي) مي‌توان به‌صورت‌هاي مختلف تقسيم بندي نمود.
چكيده لاتين :
The handmade troglodytic architecture is a distinctive kind of architecture, which does not require major construction materials and consequently very low environmental load since its creation is majorly by extraction of space rather than addition of mass. The Architecture by subtraction rather than addition provides many opportunities which calls for comprehensive research and analysis. As there is no obligatory method in making spaces rather than material cohesion, there is no priority in constructing a troglodytic structure, either from the roof or from the floor. Dealing with stone blocks, rocks and piles of earth requires variety of tools as ax, hammer, chisel, and sledgehammer in order to shape the interior space.
In Iran, many magnificent cases of this architecture have taken place in different regions due to its various climates. This unique architecture is at odds with the conventional settlement patterns and construction methods and is always can take advantage of the mountains and valleys on the floor or wall, which is a good way to control climate fluctuation in different regions. Kandovan, Hilehvar in Azerbaijan, Meimand in Kerman, Karaftu Cave in Kurdistan, the troglodyte underground dwellings in Sāmen of Malayer, Arzanfoud in Hamadan, and underground complex at Noosh-Abād, Kāshan, are among notable and outstanding instances of known troglodytic architectures in Iran.
This study investigates key factors in the formation of handmade troglodytic architecture as well as their functional implication spatially. Another significant goal in this study is exploring main factors in categorizing handmade troglodytic architectures in Iran. It is mainly based on firsthand field activities and surveys, in which there were multiple visits to a large number of historical ruins and settlements in different parts of Iran. A number of archaeological excavations in different sites including troglodytic underground architectural dwellings at the abovementioned sites were closely examined for this study which were earlier supported via library and document investigations. The chronology and the activity system of these settlements as well as their functional implications found to be an integral touchstone. Due to their different structure, traits and exclusiveness compared to the usual archaeological monads, the methods for excavating troglodytic structures are different from conventional methods used to excavate other sites.
Based on the findings, creation of handmade troglodytic architectural sites depends on several factors including climatic and geographical conditions, defense, security, durability, and religion, which were deeply tied with the cultural, political, social and economic circumstances. This architecture can be classified in various formal types in terms of their external form, internal space, and function (religious, tombs, residential, and shelter).
