چكيده لاتين :
A study of Situational Irony in Maroufie’s Stories:
Year of Turmoil and Symphony of the Dead
Raziyeh Fani1/ Firooz Fazeli2/ Mahmood Ranjbar3
1 Ph.D Candidate of Persian Language and Literature, Guilan University,
(corresponding author), E-mail: raziefani@yahoo.com
2 Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Guilan University,
E-mail: drfiroozfazeli@yahoo.com
3 Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Guilan University,
E-mail: mamranjbar@gmail.com
Abstract
Situational irony is the result of phantasms, imaginations and concepts. This
sort of irony has an especial place in fiction. The two stories of "Year of
Turmoil "and “Symphony of the Dead" by Maroufie have an especial position
in fiction because of their critical language and the author’s authority in
demonstrating specific problems. Personification, scene, plot and actions in
this work have potential power for irony of situation and grotesque showing.
Therefore we endeavor to indicate all kinds of ironical situations and
grotesque in this research, methods of creating them and theme’s social
reflections. With deliberation in these stories, we see that ironical names and
behaviors are the dominant factors in the creation of situational irony in these
stories. Character’s experiments and network of communication between
them have important roles in ironical behavior, action, situation, scene and
dialogue. But character’s situation is the pivotal point. The most important
subjects that are writer’s purpose are: culture and jeopardy of society,
modernism, lack of justice and existence of corruption among diverse classes
in society.
Key words: situational Irony, " Year of Turmoil” “Symphony of the
Dead”, Contemporary fiction, MAROUFI
32 Persian Language and Literature, Vol. 71, Issue 238, Fall & Winter 2018- 2019
Situational irony concerns what it is about situation that causes people
to describe it as ironic. Situational irony is as complex and
commonplace as verbal and literary irony. When someone says that
they find a situation, they mean that their conception of it defies the
normal way in which situations fit with their repertoire of concepts, that
this misfit is noticeable in some way, that is evokes a particular kind of
emotional response, and perhaps, that it has a specific moral
significance. For example, let’s consider a situation in which
firefighters had a fire in their kitchen due to some chicken fingers left
cooking while they went out to answer a fire alarm. We usually think
of firemen as people who put out fires, not as people who start them.
This situation evokes a particular kind of emotional response. In this
paper, we try to find the ironical situations in two of Abbas Maroufi’s
stories: "Year of Turmoil" and "Symphony of the Dead". These two
works have an especial position in fiction because of their critical
language and the author’s authority in demonstrating specific problems.
Moreover Maroufie’s position as a writer was confirmed by writing
these two stories. In "Year of Turmoil", he narrates one accidence from
several characters’ points of view. The original character in this story is
a young poet that queers in his father’s displeasure. In his another work,
i.e. "Symphony of the Dead", Maroufi had utilized historical myths.
Hence he could illustrate the historical and sociological qualifications
of Iran in the Second World War and in Reza Shah’s dominance. In this
essay, we endeavor to indicate all kinds of ironical situations and
grotesque in this research, methods of creating them and theme’s social
reflections. In personification, Maroufi selected his characters from
diverse types, professions, situations and dissimilar age groups to
access to an ironical space. Moreover he selected various entrustment
and disparate behaviors. This technical work commanded an opposite
and grotesque space in stories with deliberation. In these stories, we see
that ironical names and behaviors are the dominant factor of creation of
situational irony. Characters’ experiments and network of
communication between them have important roles in ironical
behaviors, action, situation, scene and dialogue. Credulous and
ridiculous behaviors, surprises and actions that scintillate from tension
and infuriation or jitters, have an important role in making situational
irony in Maroufie’s story. Scene, backward or opposite values in plot
and actions in this work have potential power for irony of situation and
grotesque showing. Therewith abnormal conversations that are
A study of Situational Irony in Maroufie’s Stories… 33
discordant with situations are dominant cases for creating ironical
situations but character’s situation is the pivotal point and other
formation. The most important subjects that are writer’s purpose are:
culture and jeopardy of society, modernism, lack of justice and
existence of corruption among diverse classes in the society.
