پديد آورندگان :
گل قاسم قره باغ، احد دانشگاه پيام نور - گروه كشاورزي , پيرمحمدي، رسول دانشگاه اروميه - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم دامي , علي عليجو، يونس دانشگاه اروميه - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم دامي , خليل وندي بهروز يار، حامد دانشگاه اروميه - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم دامي
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: Pecticide residue concentration of some animal feeds in Iran may be more than maximum residue level (MRL). This study aimed at investigating the effects of various processes of apple pomace on Imidacloprid residue in the apple pomace, milk production and composition, and in vivo nutrient digestibility of Mahabadi dairy goats, which used rations that include high amounts of apple pomace (28.68% /DM).
Material and methods: In this study, 30 adult Mahabadi dairy goats with a live weight of 55 ± 5 kg have been studied in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 replicates. All animals used in this experiment were kept under the guidance of the Animal Farm Research and Surveillance guide. Experimental treatments included feed ration which contained non processed apple pomace (Control Group), microwave irradiated apple pomace, processed apple pomace with commercial adsorbent and deactivated toxins, (50 g/d for each goat and 1 kg/t apple pomace, respectively) and processed apple pomace with commercial acidifier. The diet was given to the livestock as a total mixed ration (TMR) in two meals (hours 8 and 16). In this research determine the amount of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, calcium and phosphorus in feed and animal waste samples, standard methods of AOAC were used. Also, Identification and measurement of Imidacloprid with GC Cp 3800 gas chromatograph machine, Varian France GC / MS-00-0240, and Varian France 2200 Mass Spectrometry used that equipped with a three-repeat ion trap. In order to determine the effect of different treatments of apple pomace on the amount of dry matter, daily intake of feed for animals was measured daily. But, for measuring digestibility of nutrients, during the 25 to 28 days of the experiment (for 4 days), the amount of feed intake, total feces and dietary residue per day were measured and samples were taken to determine digestibility.
Results and discussion: The results indicated that the highest and lowest amount of Imidacloprid existing in different treatments were related to the control group and processed apple pomace with commercial adsorbent respectively. (4.86 and 2.81 mg/kg). Processing with the purpose of decreasing the effect of fungal toxins led to a significant increase in milk production compared to the control group (1.47 g/d) (P˂0.05). It seems that the compounds used in this experiment to modify the amount of imidacloprid because differences in their chemical structure have different function and mechanism, For example, Mycofix- Plus in Treatment 3 is an inorganic trace agent that is the most important characteristic of the physical structure of the absorbent, Its distribution, surface pores size can be used. On the other hand, the properties of mycotoxin adsorption, such as polarity, solubility, shape, and distribution, also play a significant role. But in combination treatment 4, it has been used as a BioTox absorbent as an organic absorbent, which is typically a component of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that uses only cell walls of yeast (consisting of β-glucan and mannan oligosaccharides) instead of the entire cell, the connection to the toxin can increase. In addition, the results of this study revealed that adding toxins' adsorbent compounds did not have any effects on the different ingredients of milk. Other results showed that microwave freezing and various additives did not have a significant effect on the amount of dry matter and nutrients except crude fat and calcium concentrations. It seems that decreasing the amount of calcium in the receiving groups of pesticide absorbent compounds is due to the bonding of calcium ions to the control group (P <0.05). However, the rate of digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein, increased significantly in second and third treatments (P˂0.05). Some researchers reported increasing digestibility of nutrients due to the use of pesticide absorbent compounds, the main reason being the buffering role of toxin absorbent compounds and the lack of rumen pH, as well as an increase in the number of ruminal microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi other than protozoa. Microwave irradiation and adding mycofix adsorbent increased 10.9% and 17.7%, respectively, as compared to the control group. Some researchers have reported that increasing milk production by reducing the amount of toxins due to the disappearance or linkage between them and some of the inactive compounds in the composition of adsorbent materials used and microwave irradiation. Disabling pesticides and pesticide residues and reducing their negative effects on various metabolic processes can be mentioned, among other things, for improving the efficiency of production. It can be said that pesticide residues can have negative effects on biological systems of the body so that after eating food and entering the body in organs and tissues of the body are distributed and even in milk is replaced and deployed
Conclusion: In general, the toxins' adsorbent and deactivating compounds in rations contain high levels of apple pomace, decrease the amount of Imidacloprid and, in addition to ascertaining the safety and increasing the efficiency of milk production, lead to the production of healthier products.
