كليدواژه :
دورة مملوكي , فساد واليان , فقر , حيات سياسي و اجتماعي , شعر شكوه و عتاب
چكيده فارسي :
شعر عتاب و شكوي در دورة مملوكي داراي ويژگي هاي متعددي است. اين فنّ شعري به اوضاع سياسي و اجتماعي اين دوره همچون فقر كُشنده و شرايط سخت زندگي مردم مي-پردازد و در تلاش است تا سياست هاي ظالمانه و رويكرد هاي اشتباه پادشاهان مملوكي و واليان آنان را در مقابل تودة مردم، به چالش كشيده و مورد نقد اجتماعي قرار دهد. البته گاهي چنين نقدهايي با فكاهه گويي نيز همراه است كه از شدّت اين انتقادها مي¬كاهد. شعر شكوي در عصر مملوكي، منبع مهمي براي آگاهي و اطلاع از واقعيت زندگي سياسي و اجتماعي اين دوره محسوب مي شود. بر همين اساس، اين مقاله بر آن است تا فن شعري شكوي و عتاب را در اين برهة زماني مورد بررسي قرار دهد. مهم ترين يافته هاي اين پژوهش بيانگر آن است كه شعر شكوي در عصر مملوكي، رنگ و بويي سياسي و اجتماعي به خود گرفته و با اسلوبي همراه با سُخريه و سبكي طنز آميز، در راستاي به تصوير كشيدن رنج و درد مردم است. از همين روي، شعر شكوي در دورة مماليك داراي جايگاهي بي¬نظير و ممتاز در درازناي شعر عربي است و پيش از اين دوره، اين گونه فن شعري كمتر مشاهده شده است. روش تحقيق در اين پژوهش، به صورت تحليلي- توصيفي و با استفاده از نمونه هاي زيباي شعري در عصر مملوكي است كه داراي مضموني همراه با شكوي و عتاب است.
چكيده لاتين :
1. Introduction The government which was empowered after Ayubians in Egypt and Levant was called Mamloukians approximately 656 AH (Anno Hegirae). Mamloukians were originally those slaves who were captured in wars by Ayubians. Inasmuch as they had physical strengths and were great warriors, Ayubians could take the advantage of them in army and military affairs. After a while, Mamloukians seized power and Ayubian`s government gradually dropped out of sight. Then they established a government called Mamlouki. Although their language was Turkish, there wasn`t any desire and tendency to poem and poetry. Hence, poetry in that era were recessed and weakened. Poets, unlike previous periods, inevitably were made to do various jobs and professions to make ends meet. Therefore, each of them was known by the job that holds such as Kahal, Jazar, Varragh, Dahan, Hamami, etc. Not only unsupportive Mamloukians made their lives misery, but also Mamloukians` successive wars with Mangols, who had greedy eyes on Egypt and Levant, and also Crusaders who were looking to reclaim the land of Bayt al-Maqdis, had made people’s lives specially poets in poverty and left them destitute. Since social situations were appalling and intolerable, Poets started creating the image of themselves and people`s pain and suffering. The other factor that poets were agonized was ruler`s, brokers` and governors` corruption, judges` bribery, worldliness of jurists, stinginess of the new rich (called upstarts). Those who had made the aspects of the society dark and hideous. Thus, poets complained about bribery, corruption and deviation of authorities that more than ever, thrived type of blame and complaint poetry. Consequently, they turned out to be two of the most noteworthy poetry techniques.
