ارزيابي مقايسه‌اي ادله و مباني مذاهب پنج‌گانه فقهي در باب قاعده اهم و مهم

Comparative Assessment of Evidence and Principles of the Five Jurisprudential Schools concerning the Rule of the More Important and the Less Important

قاعده «اهم و مهم» امروزه سيطره خويش را در همه عرصه‌ها نمايان ساخته است. مذاهب پنج‌گانه فقهي بر اساس مباني و ادله‌‌اي كه براي حجيت آن ذكر كرده‌اند، به شيوه‌هاي مختلف آن را مورد استناد قرار مي‌دهند. تمام مذاهب خمسه، در اصل وجود اين قاعده و لزوم برگزيدن اهم بر مهم هنگام تزاحم احكام در مقام عمل مشترك‌اند، اما ادله و مباني شرعي قاعده در آنها متفاوت است؛ يعني در برخي ادله، همچون كتاب و سنت، مشترك‌اند و در ادله ديگر چون اجماع، عقل، قياس، استحسان، مصالح مرسله و سد ذرايع اختلاف دارند. در نهايت، با توجه به معناي اصطلاحي «اهم و مهم» كه در ادله و مباني مذكور نمود يافته است، به اين نتيجه رسيده‌ايم كه اين قاعده را عمدتاً بايد در تزاحم احكام بررسي كرد. در باب تزاحم نيز توجه به مصالح و مفاسد، ترتب احكام، زمان و مكان از مواردي است كه احرازكننده قاعده «اهميت» شمرده مي‌شود.

Today, the rule or principle of “the more important and the less important” (al-ahamm wa-l-muhimm) has shown its dominance in all fields. It has been differently appealed to by the five jurisprudential schools due to the principles and evidence they cite for its validity. All the five schools agree on the core idea of the rule and the necessity of choosing what is more important when there is a conflict in acting upon different rulings. However, they have different evidence and sharia principles to support the rule. That is to say, they share some of their evidence, such as the Quran and the Tradition, and differ over other types of evidence such as consensus (ijmā’), reason, analogy (qīyās), personal discretion (istihān), public interests (al-maṣāliḥ al-mursala), and blocking the means (sadd al-dharā’i’). Given the terminological meaning of “the more important and the less important” as it appears in the above evidence and principles, we conclude that the rule should be considered as concerning conflicts among rulings. an‎d as to such conflicts, what establishes the “importance” is consideration of interests and harms, priorities of the rulings, time, and place.