كليدواژه :
عكس هاي اجتماعي , تاريخ فرهنگي بو , تاريخ اجتماعي حواس , كار خاطره
چكيده فارسي :
عكس ها بر مبناي نظام سنتي طبقه بندي حواس انساني، متعلقِ قوه باصره و صرفاً سندي ديداري انگاشته شده‌اند اما در فرايند فهم و تفسير عكس، آنچه در عكس روايت ميشود، با رويت ممكن نيست و قواي ديگر حسّ انساني نيز در تحليل متن آن دخالت دارد. در تاريخ اجتماعي حواس نيز، جايگاه حواس انساني چون بويايي، لامسه، شنوايي و چشايي در مواجهه و تحليل متن تاريخي مورد مطالعه و تحقيق مورخان قرار دارد و از اين رو در بحث حاضر، عكس به مثابه سند تاريخي، محل تداخل آنچه "ديده ميشود" با حواسي خواهد بود كه فهم پذير اما ناديدني‌اند. بويايي از مهمترين اين حواساست و در مفهومي كه در حوزه نقد عكس از آن باعنوان "كار خاطره" نام مي بريم و نيز در ساخت و تداعي معنا به ويژه در حوزه عكسهاي اجتماعي كه با مقوله زيست روزمرهي انساني پيوند تنگاتنگي دارد، حاضراست. بنابراين، بر اساس تاريخ اجتماعي حواس، به پيگيريِ كار خاطره در عكس هايي مي پردازيم كه به مثابه سندي از تاريخ بويايي در متنِ اجتماعي است.
در اين مقاله نشان داده شده است كه چگونه مي توان در تحليل عكس، به جز قوهي ديد، از قواي ديگر حسيّ بهره جُست؟ و اهميت تحليل هاي مبتني بر احساسات انساني در تفسير عكس هاي اجتماعي چيست؟ براساس پرسش هاي ذكرشده، مي توان فرض كرد عكس هاي اجتماعي، به سبب پيوندي ذاتي كه با گذشته تاريخي و روايتگري دارند، مي توانند ارتباطي تنگاتنگ با ادراكاتي از گذشته داشته باشند كه به واسطه قوه بويايي قابل فهميدن اند، احساساتي چون نوستالژيا و بازيابيِ عميق خاطرات؛ قوه بويايي به واسطه ي ارتباط تنگاتنگش با بازآوردن احساس و خاطرات نوستالژيك، همواره به نوعي آشناپنداري پيشيني دلالت دارد. در متن حاضر ارتباط عميق سطح عكس(آنچه كه از زمانِ گذشته نمايش ميدهد) و بويايي در اين حوزه شناختي مورد تحليل واقع ميشود. در واقع سازوكار قوهي بويايي، به واسطه ارتباط مستقيمي كه با نوستالژيا و بازيابيِ خاطرات در گذشته دارد، پيوندي تنگاتنگ با تفسير عكس هاي اجتماعي خواهديافت.
چكيده لاتين :
Based on the traditional system of human sensory classification, photographs are considered to belong to the visual sense, and they are regarded merely as visual document, but in the process of understanding and interpreting of the photograph, all that is narrated in the photo is not visible, and the other human senses also are involved in the text analysis. In the social history of the senses, the position of human senses such as olfaction, touch, hearing, and taste in the encounter and analysis of the historical text is studied and investigated by historians. Therefore, in the present discussion, the photograph as a historical document is the point of interference of "what is seen" with the senses that are understandable but invisible. olfaction is one of the main senses that is directly related to reception of memories from the past and it is nostalgic, thus, it is closely associated with the concept of ‘memory work’ in the photograph analysis area and with the meaning association especially in social photograph area that is related to human everyday life. Therefore, based on the social history of senses, work of memory is investigated in the photographs that are as a document from the olfactory history in the social context.
Research questions: The main question is how can the smelling sense be read in the photograph context and, accordingly, how a deeper understanding of the past that is represented by the photograph is obtained? In addition, this question can also be asked that whether in the process of perceiving a photograph, in addition to the visual sense, what is a function of other senses, and so what is the significance of human emotional-based analysis in interpreting social photographs? based on the research questions, it can be assumed that social photographs, due to their inherent connection with the historical past and narration, can closely be associated with the perceptions from the past, which can be perceived through olfaction sense, feelings such as nostalgia and deep retrieval of memories; the olfaction by its close connection with the rebirth of nostalgic memories and thoughts is always implied by a priori familiarization. In this research, the cultural and social history of the smell and its relation to the analysis and interpretation of social photographs were dealt with. It was concluded that olfaction, along with the visual sense that is base of the photograph historical documentary, provides complex perception in the understanding of what is present in the photograph. Paying attention to the olfactory sense in the photograph understanding connects the “memory work” and perception of objects, things, situations and the individuals present in the photograph with the experienced conditions where the audience of the photo lived in and basically had an ancestral understanding of them, and thus, a more vivid understanding of the text of the photograph is obtained.
