كليدواژه :
فقر روستايي , تخريب , مراتع , فارسان
چكيده فارسي :
در ميان معضلات مسير توسعه پايدار، دو مانع اساسي فقر و تخريب، به ويژه در كشورهاي جهان سوم، به طور جدي مطرح‌اند. اين دو عامل، بجز تأثير منفي بر دستيابي به توسعه پايدار، با يكديگر رابطه‌اي تعاملي دارند و يك بحران جدي توسعة كشورهاي جهان سوم، تهديدي براي محيط زيست جهاني هستند. پژوهش حاضر، با هدف بررسي رابطه فقر روستايي و تخريب مراتع در بخش مركزي شهرستان فارسان انجام شده است. شيوه تحقيق، پيمايشي بوده و با نمونه‌اي به حجم 346 خانوار روستايي با ابزار پرسش‌نامه انجام شده است. صحت اين پرسش‌نامه به‌وسيلة متخصصان توسعه روستايي و پايايي آن نيز، با استفاده از ضريب آلفاي كرونباخ (كه مقدار آن بالاتر از 0/70 شد) تأييد شده است. در اين پژوهش، خط فقر نسبي سرانه در منطقه مدنظر، در سال 1393 حدود 1213000 ريال محاسبه شد كه باتوجه‌به نتايج پژوهش، حدود 14درصد از پاسخگويان فقير بودند. همچنين، نتايج پژوهش، ميزان زياد تخريب مراتع را در اين منطقه نشان مي‌دهد و دراين‌ميان، ميزان تخريب مراتع به‌وسيلة پاسخگويان فقير، به طرز معناداري، بيشتر از پاسخگويان غير فقيراست.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Based on the United Nations definition, fundamentally, poverty is the inability of getting choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation. On the other hand, in many developing countries where rangelands are a dominant land type and critically important in livelihoods of a significant portion of the population, severe rangeland degradation and/or conflicts over rangeland use can create significant social, economic, and environmental problems. Among all sustainable development challenges, poverty and rangeland degradation are two basic and important obstacles especially in Third World countries. These two factors are important not only because of their negative effects on achieving sustainable development, but also because they have an intensifying and interactive relationship with each other and threaten third world countries development and endanger the global environment as a serious crisis.
Material & Methods The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between rural poverty and rangelands degradation in central district of Farsan County. Survey research method with a pre-designed questionnaire was used to collect data from the study area. Face validity of the supposed questionnaire was verified by faculty staff of the Rural Development Department of Yasouj University. Also, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient as a criteria of the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated above 0.70 based on the data collected in a pilot study. Research population consisted of all household heads of the supposed study area that about 346 rural households were selected as research sample. Research questionnaire included 3 parts: the first one was about the measurement of poverty, second part was about the measurement of rangelands degradation and the final part was about demographic variables. The absolute poverty line is defined as the amount of income which according to cultural, social and economic aspects evaluated to be necessary to meet the minimum needs of individuals (such as food, clothing, housing, etc.), or at least conditions such as a minimum level of income, education, housing and so on. This method for determining the poverty line is called basic needs method. On the other hand, the relative poverty line is defined as a certain percentage of income or average income of the whole society in the form of a border or a certain percentage of the population whose income is lower than the Minimum. In this study, the relative poverty line was considered and to facilitate proper statistical analysis, both poverty and degradation scores were calculated and/ or computed for per capita.
Discussion of Results & Conclusions
The results showed that the majority of the respondents were between 41 to 50 years old (about 29.1%). Most of them were male, married and illiterate. Also, the average family size was 4.67. Most of them have a monthly income between 5 and 10 million Rials. The average household food expenditure was 5440000 Rials and 5890000 Rials for non-food Expenditure. In this research, in the studied region, the per-capita relative poverty line was calculated 1213000 Rials for the year 2014. The results also showed that there are statistically significant differences between poor and non-poor respondents based on their ages and education level. According to the findings, about 14 percent of the respondents were poor. The results also showed a high degree of rangelands degradation in the studied region. The average score for rangeland degradation was 3.27 in a continuum from 1 to 5. Moreover, according to the results of research, the average score of rangeland degradation by poor respondents was more than non- poor respondents while this difference was significant statistically at 0.001 level.
