بررسي فرايند تاريخي تثبيت علوم انساني در ايران

Examining historical process of the consolidation of the Humanities in Iran

در اين پژوهش با استناد به داده­ هاي تاريخي موجود درباره ظهور و تكوين علوم انساني، در پي واكاوي اين رويكرد فكري بوديم كه نيروهاي مختلف اجتماعي در كنار همديگر (به ­صورت هماهنگ يا متضاد) قرار گرفته و اخذ علوم موجود به ­ويژه علوم انساني را امكانپذير كرده­ اند. روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ تحليل تاريخي و شيوۀ گردآوري داده­ ها اسنادي ﺑﻮد. تلاش شد تا ﺑﻪ ­ﺻﻮرت روﺷﻤﻨﺪ و ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ درباره زمينه­ ها و شرايط تاريخي، كه به­ صورت قيدها و بلاقيدهاي سياسي، فرهنگي و علمي در فرايند تكوين علوم انساني مؤثرند، بحث و مداقه شود. نتايج نشان داد كه علوم انساني از نظر گفتماني از دل شكست­ ها، نابرابري ­ها و انشقاق ­ها ظهور كرد (1175-1210 ه. ش). دو رخداد همزماني و ناهمساني در جريان بيماري­ وبا، شكست از روسيه و ورود نيروهاي فرانسه و انگلستان به ايران زمينۀ اخذ علوم انساني بودند. با اخذ گفتمان علوم انساني ميدان منازعه گفتمان­ ها در ايران فراهم شد و از دل اين منازعه، گفتمان علوم انساني پروبلماتيزه شد (1320-1332 ه. ش). همچنين نشان داده شد كه برخلاف گفتمان علوم انساني كه همواره در عرصۀ تنازع و تخاصم قدرت يافته، نهادهاي علوم انساني در دوران امنيت و اقتدار حاكميت اخذ شده است. تثبيت علوم انساني در نتيجۀ دو دورۀ متفاوت از نظر امنيت (نهادهاي علوم انساني) و تنازع (گفتماني شدن علوم انساني) بوده است. .

In this article, based on the current historical data on the emergence and development of the Human Sciences, we looked at this thinking approach that different social forces were placed together-in a coordinated or opposite way- and made possible the acquisition of the available sciences, especially the Humanities. Given the nature of the issue, the research method was a historical analysis and the method of data collection was documentary. The researchers tried to review systematically and coherently, the context and historical conditions in the process of the development of the Humanities. In this research, we showed that the humanities appeared discursively in terms of breakdowns, inequalities and divisions (1796-1831). Two events of coincidence and inconsistencies during cholera, defeat from Russia and the arrival of French and British forces to Iran were the background for acquisition of the humanities. Through discourse acquisition of the humanities, the ground for discourses conflict was provided in Iran, and through this conflict, the humanities discourses became problematic (1941-1953). We also showed that contrariwise to the humanities discourse that has always been dominated by conflict and hostility, humanities institutions have been drafted in the era of security and authority of government. The consolidation of the humanities has been the result of two distinct periods in terms of security (humanities institutions) and conflict (humanities discourse).