اصول بنيادين ناظر بر تضمين اصل بي‌طرفي قضايي در نظام بين‌الملل و حقوق ايران

Fundamental Principles Regarding the Guarantee of the Principle of Judicial Impartiality in the International System and the Law of Iranian Law

اصول استقلال و بي‌طرفي مراجع قضايي از مهم‌ترين مباني نيل به ‌‌يك دادرسي عادلانه و تأمين حقوق شهروندان در جريان دادرسي هستند كه تنها از خلال آنها مي‌توان به وجود قوۀ قضائيه و قضاتي عدالت‌پيشه و حق‌مدار اميد داشت. اين اصول در اكثريت قريب به اتفاق نظام‌هاي حقوقي داخلي جهان و نيز مقررات حقوقي بين‌المللي، به‌ويژه مقررات خاصِ مربوط به عدالت‌گري مانند اصول بنگلور، شناخته شده است؛ اما براي نيل به استقلال كامل قوۀ قضائيه و قضات هر كشور و نيز بي‌طرفي آنان در هنگام احقاق حق به نظر مي‌رسد نيازمند حصول شرايط و اصولي مبنايي و مقدماتي هستيم. بنا بر مطالعات انجام شده در مقررات بين‌المللي و نظام داخلي چندين كشور از جمله ايران، اصولي همچون استقلال نهادي، استقلال فردي قضات، شيوۀ انتصاب قضات و شرايط استخدامي براي تحقق كامل دو اصل استقلال و بي‌طرفي مراجع قضايي مي‌توان تعريف و تبيين كرد تا با اِعمال و رعايت آنها استقلال و بي‌طرفي مراجع قضايي در جهت حفظ و حمايت هرچه بيشتر از حقوق شهروندان و موجبات حق بر دادرسي عادلانه فراهم شود.

The principles of independence and impartiality of the Judiciary is one of the most important grounds to achieve a fair trial and to ensure the rights of citizens in the proceedings, the principles which are inevitable for the existence of a judiciary whit fair and equitable judges. These principles have recognized in the vast majority of domestic legal systems as well as international legal regulations, specially certain regulations about justice such as Banglore principles. It seems that in order to achieve full independence of the Judiciary and the judges in each country as well as their impartiality in the proceedings, it is necessary to obtain the basic and preliminary conditions and principles. According to the studies conducted in the international regulations and the internal systems of several countries such as Iran, in order to full realization of the two principles of independence and impartiality of the judicial authorities, it is necessary to defined and explain some principles such as institutional independence, individual independence of judges, forms of appointment of judges and recruitment of judges so that independence and impartiality of the Judiciary can be provided in order to maintain and protect the rights of citizens and the requirements of right to fair trial.