بررسي نظريه شيخ اشراق درباره اراده الهي

Has Sheikh Ishraq Agreed with The Exalted God to be an Agent of Will?

صفت اراده خداوند يكي از مباحث بسيار دشوار و پيچيده در فلسفه و كلام اسلامي است. فلاسفه مسلمان معمولاً اراده الهي را به علم، حب و مانند آن ارجاع داده اند. در اين مقاله نظريه شيخ اشراق درباره اراده خداوند بررسي شده است. مطالب شيخ اشراق درباره اراده الهي در بادي امر ناهماهنگ به نظر مي آيد. ايشان در موارد زيادي بر نفي اراده از واجب تعالي استدلال كرده و در مواردي نيز آن را پذيرفته است. از مجموع مطالب ايشان چهار استدلال بر محال بودن اراده در واجب تعالي استفاده مي شود. غني مطلق بودن واجب الوجود، ذاتي بودن افعال باري تعالي، دوام فعل خداي متعال و تلازم اراده با غرض ورزي محورهاي اصلي ادله شيخ است؛ البته شيخ اشراق در مواردي نيز اشارات يا تصريحاتي بر پذيرش اراده واجب تعالي دارد كه پس از بررسي دقيق معلوم مي شود همه آنها يا ضعف دلالي دارند يا ضعف سندي؛ بنابراين جمع بندي عبارات شيخ اشراق ما را به نظريه نفي اراده در واجب تعالي منتهي مي كند. مهم ترين اشكال نظريه شيخ اشراق عدم توجه به متون ديني به ويژه قرآن است كه صفت اراده را بارها به خداوند نسبت مي دهد

The attribute of will is one of the most difficult and complicated topics in Islamic philosophy and theology which has always been faced with different questions and theories. The most important problem of this topic is that God could not be considered as an agent without will-power on the one hand, and on the other hand, will is inherently contingent and the divine nature is free from happening of any contingent event. For this, the Muslim philosophers have attributed the divine will to knowledge, love and the like. In this regard, the theory of Sheikh Ishraq about God’s will has been studied in this paper. For Sheikh Ishraq, the divine realm is free from will and he put emphasis on this matter in various cases. Among the whole of his materials, four reasons are used on the impossibility of will of God almighty. Among these reasons we can refer to the absolute richness of the self-existence, the innateness of the divine actions, durability of the act of God almighty, and attendance of will with misguided actions. However, Sheikh Ishraq points or stipulates on acceptance of God’s necessary will in some cases that after an accurate analysis it is revealed that with regard to both reason and document, none of them may be agreeable. Therefore, the summary of Sheikh Ishraq’s expressions leads us to the theory of negation of will of God. The most important problem of Sheikh Ishraq’s theory is inattention to the religious texts especially the Quran that attributes the trait of will to God for several times.