كليدواژه :
توفان گردوغبار بهاره , مدل‌سازي منطقه‌اي , مدل hysplit , عمق نوري ذرات , غرب ايران
چكيده فارسي :
توفان گرد و غبار جزو آن دسته مخاطرات طبيعي است كه بطورجدي شرايط جوي، اكوسيستم ها و سلامت انسان را تحت تاثير خود قرار داده است. لذا بررسي چرخه هاي توفان هاي گرد و غبار و واكاويي شرايط هواشناسي (همديدي و ديناميكي) و فرآيندهاي آن مي تواند منجر به پيش آگاهي و در فازهاي بعدي كنترل اين پديده مخرب جوي منتهي گردد. به منظور دست يابي به هدف حاضر، توفان ريزگرد 25 ارديبهشت 1394 هجري خورشيدي به عنوان توفان شاخص بهاره غرب ايران انتخاب شد. جهت واكاويي ساختار توفان، يك مطالعه تركيبي با بهره گيري از داده هاي رقومي باز تحليل شده و خروجي مدل هاي منطقه اي و ديناميكي انجام شد. همچنين به منظور ساختار گردش منطقه اي جو در زمان رخداد توفان از داده هاي مولفه مداري و نصف النهاري باد، به همراه متغيرهاي سمت و سرعت، فشار سطح دريا، ارتفاع ژئوپتانسيل، تاوايي نسبي و فرا رفت عمودي هوا استفاده شده است. نتايج بيانگر آن بوده است كه در روز وقوع توفان، شيب فشار در محدوده غرب ايران افزايش يافته و از سوي ديگر همزماني تسلط تاوايي هاي مثبت و منفي در يك فاصله نزديك و فعال شدن جت تراز زيرين جو باعث شكل گيري توفان هاي گردوغبار شده است. نتايج عمق نوري و غلظت گرد و غبار سطحي با مدل naaps نشان داده است كه غلظت ذرات غبار بين 640 تا 1260 ميكروگرم بر مترمكعب در غرب كشور متغير بوده است. خروجي دو مدل nmmb/bsc و dream bb ضمن تاييد عمق نوري بالاي ذرات نشان دادند كه عوامل محلي و فاصله نزديك تا مراكز چشمه غبار نقش بسزايي در رخداد پديده حاضر براي غرب ايران دارند. شبيه سازي مسير حركت توفان نيز نشان از دو مسير اصلي انتقال ذرات ريزگرد بهاره به غرب كشور؛ يعني مسير شمال غرب جنوب شرق و مسير غرب شرق بوده است.
چكيده لاتين :
Dust phenomenon is a natural occurrence that occurs widespread in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, especially in the sub-equatorial latitudes. This phenomenon is among the greatest environmental problems in the world. The release of this destructive climatic phenomenon in a scattered manner in the atmosphere varies in size, time and concentration. Since this phenomenon is influenced by the specific conditions of climate effects, its effects may continue to be as close as 16,000 kilometers from the source and cause abnormal environmental effects on the one hand, and numerous damage to agriculture, industry, transportation and telecommunication systems on the other hand. Dust storms, as an atmospheric destructive phenomenon, have created adverse environmental impacts for the west of Iran and caused many problems for the inhabitants of this region. Therefore, studying this phenomenon is necessary in order to achieve a comprehensive approach to deal with it. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the instantaneous atmospheric conditions, conduction and source of the dust storms with a synoptic modeling approach.
In this study, in order to investigate the dust storms structure in the southwest of Iran, the dust storm occurred on May 15, 2015 was selected. The reason for choosing the present day, based on reports from the Observatory and Monitoring Center of Ilam’s Environmental Protection Office, was the most polluted day of 2015, so the amount of aerosol recorded was 1200 µg/m3 in the air of Mehran City. To analyze the storm structure, a combination study was performed using NECP/NCAR reanalyzed digital data and output of dynamic and regional models. The first group consisted of three regional models of NAAPS, DREAM 8b and NMMB/BSC, and the second group included HYSPLIT dynamic model with backward method. NECP / NCAR data are also used in the synoptic analysis of the storm.
The average slope of air pressure in the sea level at the time of the dust storm in the west of Iran has increased and a high pressure difference of 20 hPa is observed between east and west of Iran, which is accompanied by a high pressure difference and severe winds in the southwestern borders of Iran. Also, the surface moisture flux of the soil has fallen sharply for the day of the storm occurrence in the study area. High advection in the Western part of Iran has been accompanied by a change in the density and mass of the air with heat, resulting in very rapid and intense air rotational movements around the Earth's surface; on the other hand, the coincidence of the positive and negative vorticity in a single significant amount in the formation of the lower level jet has caused the emergence of the dust storm to occur in the mentioned day. On the day of the dust storm, the orbital component of the wind speed was Western, and its velocity was more than 5 meters per second on the western borders of the country. The meridian component of the wind speed was also Southern. Therefore, the effect of present pattern on west of Iran during the day of storm dust has played a significant role. The optical depth index and surface dust concentration index in the NAAPS model have shown that dust concentrations ranged from 640 to 1260 µg/m3 to the west. Besides, the amount of sulfate in the region was estimated to be between 1 and 2 µg/m3. Comparison of the output of DREAM Bb and NMMB / BSC models showed an increase in concentration values per Dust surface unit on the day of storm occurrence. Based on the results of two models of DREAM Bb and NMMB / BSC in the case of western dust in Iran, it can be concluded that the effect of local factors and close proximity to the centers of the dust source have a significant role in the occurrence of present phenomena for western Iran. The simulation of the Dust storm direction with the HYSPLIT dynamic model and the backward method has shown two routes of dust entering the west of the country; a) Northwest - Southeast; b) West-East direction. The main origins of the first route, the northwest of Iraq and the east of Syria, and the second route were the center of Iraq
