اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻓﻌﺎل ﮐﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﯽ و ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺎك درﺧﺘﺎن ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ ﺷﻤﺎل اﯾﺮان (ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻣﻮردي :اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﺬر و ﻧﻬﺎل ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي جنگلي شلمان ، استان گيلان )

(Measurement of changes in labile pools of soil organic carbon and some soil properties under forest tree species in Northern Iran (Case study: Shalman Seed and Seedling of Forest Tree Species Research Station, Guilan Province

ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت درﺧﺘﺎن ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﺧﺎك، دورﻧﻤﺎي ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺧﺎك را در ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﯾﺪار ﻣﺘﺼﻮر ﻣﯽ ﺳﺎزد و ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻢ و رﻓﻊ آﺳﯿﺐﻫﺎي وارده ﺑﺮ اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ را از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي درﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻧﻤﻮد .در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي درﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﺬر و ﻧﻬﺎل ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ ﺷﻠﻤﺎن اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﯿﻼن ﺑﻪ ، ﮐﺎري ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ از درﺧﺘﺎن ﭘﻬﻦﺑﺮگ و ﺳﻮزﻧﯽﺑﺮگ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺎك 21 ﻣﯿﺰان ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ (ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي)ﮐﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﯽ ﺧﺎك ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺣﺴﺎس ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺧﺎك، ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻓﻌﺎل ﮐﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﯽ ﺧﺎك ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ 200 ﻫﺎ: ﭘﺲ از ﺣﻔﺮ ﺧﺎﮐﺮخﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺘﺮ در ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي درﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، ﺗﻮﺳﮑﺎ ،(Juniperus polycarpos) اُرس ،(Taxodium distichum) دارﺗﺎﻻب ،(Pinus taeda) ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﺎج ﺗﺪا (ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري از Populus caspica) (و ﺳﻔﯿﺪﭘﻠﺖ Quercus castaneifolia) ﺑﻠﻮط ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻣﺎزو ،(Alnus glutinosa) ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ 20 ده ﻻﯾﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان 60 -80 و40-60 ،20-40 ،0-20 ﻣﺘﺮي از ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ .در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﯽ و ﻣﺨﺎزن ، اﺳﯿﺪﯾﺘﻪ، ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ، ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ وزﻧﯽ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎﮐﺪاﻧﻪﻫﺎ، ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ، ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺗﺒﺎدل ﮐﺎﺗﯿﻮﻧﯽ اﻧﺪازه 32( ﻓﻌﺎل) ﻟﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ( ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي )ﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺧﺎك ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻫﻤﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ 0-200 ﻣﺘﺮ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ .ﭘﺲ از ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ دوﻃﺮﻓﻪ، داده ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ (ﮔﻮﻧﻪ درﺧﺘﯽ و ﻋﻤﻖ )در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮك ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﻣﻮرد آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ آﻣﺎري ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺣﺴﺎس ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ، روش ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﭘﯿﺮﺳﻮن ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺎك ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي درﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﻖ ﺧﺎك ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. به استثناي هدايت الكتريكي ، اسيديته وچگالي ظاهري نتايج حاصل از تجزيه واريانس داده ها بيان گرتاثير معني دار نوع ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ و ﻋﻤﻖ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺮ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﻮد .ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻧﻮع ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺮ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ در ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﺧﺎك ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ .در اﯾﻦ راﺑﻄﻪ و در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﯿﺶ ترينﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت در ﻣﻘﺪار ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺗﺒﺎدل ﮐﺎﺗﯿﻮﻧﯽ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ وزﻧﯽ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎﮐﺪاﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ 20-0 ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﮑﺎ و ارس و ﺗﻮﺳﮑﺎ و دارﺗﺎﻻب در ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺘﺮي ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﮐﻞ و ﮐﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﯽ ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﻣﺘﺮي ﺑﻪ 20-0 ﻃﻮر ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ در ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ در ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﮑﺎ < ﺑﻠﻮط < ﺳﻔﯿﺪﭘﻠﺖ < ارس < دارﺗﺎﻻب < ﮐﺎج ﺗﺪا ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ .ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ(ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي) ﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ 200 ﻋﻤﻖ ﺗﻦ در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر و ﮐﻢ 206/24 ﻣﺘﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﻪ ﺗﻦ در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﺑﻪ 136/94 ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﮑﺎ و ﮐﺎج ﺗﺪا ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﻬﻦﺑﺮگ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه درﺧﺘﺎن ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪ در ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﻫﻮا ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﮑﺎ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ را ﺑﺮ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﺧﺎك داﺷﺘﻨﺪ .در ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﻬﻦﺑﺮگ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺑﺎﻻي ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ(ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي )ﮐﺮﺑﻦ اﻟﯽ ﺧﺎك، ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﻨﻮاﺧﺘﯽ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮي در ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﻖ ﺧﺎك ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﻮد .در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺻﻔﺎت ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﺧﺎك و ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻓﻌﺎل ﮐﺮﺑﻦ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﮐﯿﻔﯽ واﺣﺪي ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ داده ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪاي از اﯾﻦ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺴﺎس ﺳﻼﻣﺖ و ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺧﺎك ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ.

Background and Objectives: Deep insight about the different effect of forest tree species on soil quality properties have made soil health monitoring perspective clear concerning sustainable management; however, restoration and reclamation of deteriorates inflicted on natural ecosystems may be managed through proper selection of tree species. In this study, in order to select suitable tree species in afforestation projects, Shalman Seed and Seedling of Forest Tree Species Research Station (Guilan province) was chosen as a study area to investigate carbon storage rates and effect of conifers and broadleaves on soil properties, Consequently, soil carbon labile pools were evaluated to present unique sensitive indicator of health and soil quality. Materials and Methods: Sampling of 10 layers with thickness of 20 cm were taken from 0-200 cm depth under selected tree species plots, including Populus caspica, Oak (Quercus castaneifolia), Alder (Alnus glutinosa), Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and Juniper (Juniperus polycarpos). Cation exchang capacity, mean weight diameter, EC, pH, bulk density, total nitrogen, soil organic carbon and its labile pools were analyzed in soil samples of 0-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80 cm and just for carbon storage measurements all of 10 layers (0-200 cm) were considered. The experiments were of randomized complete block (RCB) designs. Data for the same soil interval were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Person linear Correlation method was used to determine sensitive indicators of soil quality. Results: Preliminary results indicated the significant effects of tree species on soil properties during soil depth. Despite insignificant differences in EC, pH and BD, our results showed that significant alterations by tree species types were found in the 0-20 cm soil layer. However, the greatest difference on CEC and MWD values were also observed in the 0-20 cm soil thickness between Alder vs. Juniper; and Alder vs. Bald cypress, respectively. All species had also higher total nitrogen (TN) and soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top soil layer (0-20 cm) followed the order: A. glutinosa > Q. castaneifolia > P. caspica > J. polycarpos > T. distichum > P. taeda. The measured amount of total soil organic carbon as a carbon storage was the highest and the lowest under Alder (A. glutinosa) and Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) with 206.24 and 136.94 (ton OC ha-1), respectively. Conclusion: Broadleaves, especially N fixer species such as Alder had the greatest effect on soil quality properties. Broadleaves had also great potential for carbon storage with more uniform distribution during soil depth. However, among broadleaves, Alder had great effect on soil properties and soil organic matter. Finally, according to correlation values, no single and more sensitive organic carbon pool as a soil quality indicator of forest tree species changes was selected, but the complex of soil organic carbon pools could be used as sensitive indicators of soil quality and health.