تحليل تاثير تغييرات دوره‌اي خطوط ساحلي در گسترش نمكزارهاي حاشيه‌ درياچه اروميه با استفاده از تصاوير ماهواره‌اي لندست

Analysis of the impact of periodic changes of Coastlines in expanding the salty marsh of the margin of Uremia Lake Using the Landsat Satellite Images

به دليل ماهيت ديناميكي خطوط ساحلي تهيه نقشه اين مناطق و ميزان تغييرات آن جهت برنامه­ريزي و دستيابي به توسعه پايدار امري بسيار ضروري مي­باشد. بنابراين هدف از اين پژوهش بررسي تغييرات خطوط ساحلي و نمكزار درياچه اروميه با استفاده از داده­هاي سنجش از دور ماهواره لندست بين سال­هاي 1976 تا 2015 مي­باشد. از داده­هاي ترازسنجي ماهواره­اي از سال 1371 تا 1389 براي بررسي نوسانات سطح تراز آب درياچه استفاده شده است كه بر اساس آن تراز آب درياچه حدود 8 متر افت داشته است. براي استخراج خطوط ساحلي از شاخص NDWI با دقت كلي 97/0 و براي استخراج نمكزار از شاخص SI2 با دقت كلي 0.98 استفاده شده است. نتايج حاصل از اين مطالعه نشان مي­دهد مساحت قابل توجهي از سطح آب درياچه اروميه در طول 39 سال مورد مطالعه به ويژه در دهه­اي اخير كاهش يافته و بر مساحت نمكزار اطراف درياچه افزوده شده است. به طوري كه از مساحت5216،30 كيلومترمربع آب و 18/106 كيلومتر مربع تمكزار در سال 1976 به ترتيب به 12/1519 كيلومتر مربع و 50/3777 كيلومتر مربع در سال 2015 رسيده است. همچنين بيشترين تغييرات مساحت مربوط به نمكزار و خط ساحل به ترييب 45/1286 و 97/1310 كيلومترمربع مربوط به دوره زماني 2006 تا 2011 مي­باشد. قسمت­هاي جنوب شرقي و جنوب به دليل عمق كم داراي بيشترين تغييرات مي­باشند اما در جهت­هاي شمالي اين­تغييرات كمتر بوده است.

Of important geomorphological characteristics of Uremia Lake is instability coastline. The salinity Phenomenon and Genesis crust of salt in the coastal lands is of the manifestations of this is the use, season. Monitoring the coastal areas and Extraction the water level changes in, different time, considered as fundamental research, because nature of coastline is dynamic and the management of such Sensitive ecological environments needs to earn detailed information in Different time intervals. For this purpose, Remote Sensing Technology has unique application uses information from these phenomena. Because multispectral satellite images have benefits and advantages that availability and this Digital interpretation is their most important. The overall objective of this study, was to evaluate the processes The governing on Dry environment and the hydrodynamic evaluate of lake in determining lake shoreline changes using the Landsat satellite images MSS, TM5, ETM + 7 and OLI in period of 39 years (1976- 2015) and then is evaluate the effect these changes on amount of salt deposits around the lake. Methodology In this study, to investigate the changes in Coastline and salt marsh Uremia Lake is used of Landsat satellite images (MSS-TM5-ETM + -OIL) that have been downloaded of USGS. To prepare satellite images in during processing, have been done pre-processing steps down: geometric correction, atmospheric correction, mosaic and Resample. Considering the importance of accuracy geometric correction on accuracy of the results of detection of changes Because of pixel by pixel comparison of satellite images together, these images must have coincided perfectly geometrically. So images using the 1:25000 Topographic Maps With the image registration to map method in WGS84 coordinate system and projection UTM Zone 38 with RMSE errors less than 5.0 were corrected. Initially the digital value of each pixel (DN) was Conversion to the Spectral radiation in sensor (Radiance) and then obtained Radiance was Conversion to reflection on the sensor (reflectivity), for atmospheric correction has been used of FLAASH method. After performing these steps, because this area is not within a Landsat image, for coverage of the full study area were mosaic images of each year. Finally all of images were re-sampling with method nearest neighbor. In this study, is used of six Salinity Index (NDSI, SI1, SI2, SI3, SI9, SI14). In order to changes evaluate Water Levels Uremia Lake do this in the period of 1976 to 2015 the water level in each image extracted from each image individually. To, various indices including normalized indices water, the normalized index humidity, corrected water normalized index, the index water ratio, normalized vegetation index, is used the index automatic extraction of water. After applying of indices on images, accuracy of the results of the index using the samples point that Lifted from the Google Earth was assessed. Eventually has been selected Suitable index for extract the shoreline and salt marsh and in in order to the separate of shoreline and salt marsh desired using the Model Maker extension in the ERDAS software was binary by taking considering threshold. Then been done with convert raster to vector maps and analyzes of Intended changes in the GIS10.3 software. Discussion & Results According to obtained results for the study area NDWI index is the strongest index for Water extraction, So that properly extracted 191 water sample point and of 218 sample points of salinity have put Only 7 samples in Water class. To extract Salt marsh strongest indicator, is the SI2 so that 214 sample points of salinity extracted correctly and of 195 samples points of water, only 12 samples out of put in salinity class and The weakest index, is NDSI indicator. According to the analysis of satellite images surface area of ​​Lake Uremia is reducing and the salt marsh is increase. So that the water level of the lake and salt marsh reached respectively of ​​5216.30 and 106.18 square kilometers in 1976 to 1519.12 and 3777.50 square kilometers in 2015. The results of surveys show that have area of water the negative trend and salt marsh have increased trend. So that the water level Declined 72.76 square kilometers between the years of 1976 to 1985 to 1262.03 square kilometers between the years of 2011 to 2015 but Area of salt marsh have increasing trend so that increased the 59.53 square kilometer between the years of 1976 to 1985 to 1247.82 square kilometers between years of 2011 to 2015. According to the extraction of shoreline using the satellite imaging greatest change has happened in the direction of East and Southeast (estuary of river Permanent and full water of Zarinehrood) lake. Conclusion the main objective of this research because of the importance and special Status Lake in Ecosystems, is detect of changes of shoreline and salt marsh Uremia Lake during the period of 39 years. Check fluctuations level of lake using the data of satellite Level gauge of 1992 to 2018 showed that level of the lake has about 8 meters dropped. Results of the accuracy of the Accuracy of various indices for extract the shores of Lake Uremia Revealed that The strongest and the weakest index respectively, NDWI and NDMI index and The strongest and the weakest index for extract of salt marsh is SI2 and NDSI index. Analysis of satellite images shows that area of ​​the lake water and salt marsh respectively reached from 5216.30 and 106.18 square kilometers in 1976 to 1519.12 and 3777.50 square kilometers in 2015. These results it shows reduction of 70.87 percent area of Water Lake and increase in 3457.63 percent of the land of salt marsh of ​​ the study area during the past 39 years. Most of changes of area are related to ​​salt marsh and shoreline respectively 1286.45 and 1310.97 square kilometers Related to the period 2006 to 2011. Comparison of changes the coastline and depth of the lake showed that greatest of changes in parts of southeast and south due to the shallow depth of these Regions happened.