كليدواژه :
آرايه هاي معماري , كاشي , ظروف سفالي لعابدار , دوره سلجوقي , خواجه اتابك
چكيده فارسي :
همنشيني مواد مختلف در آرايه هاي معماري ايران در دورۀ اسلامي در بسياري از موارد راهگشاي سبك ها و فنون هنري جديد شده و نگاه زيبايي شناسي فرهنگ هاي حامل اين اتفاق را دگرگون ميكند. همنشيني آرايه هاي آجري، گچي و لعاب يكي از اين تغييرات جذاب در تاريخ هنر آرايه هاي معماري ايران است كه تاريخ ابداع آن تا حدودي مبهم باقي مانده است. همچنين ايدۀ اوليۀ كاشي در آرايه هاي معماري ايران در دورۀ اسلامي كاملاً ناشناخته مانده است. كاشي گونه اي از آرايۀ معماري است كه شايد خاستگاه آن ايران كهن باشد، ولي با اين وجود اطلاعات اندكي از فنون ساخت، اجرا و نمونه هاي آثار كاشي سده هاي اوليۀ دورۀ اسلامي در دست است. هدف از پژوهش پيش رو، دستيابي به اطلاعات مربوط به كهن ترين كاشيهاي ايران دورۀ اسلامي و همچنين شناخت فني سفال لعابدار در آرايۀ معماري خواجه اتابك كرمان است. جهت رسيدن به اهداف پژوهش، به صورت همزمان مطالعۀ منابع مكتوب و همچنين بررسي هاي ميداني جهت شناخت آثار كاشي در آرايه هاي معماري ايران، بهويژه مقبرۀ خواجه اتابك كرمان انجام پذيرفت. در نتيجۀ پژوهش حاضر مي توان گفت كه در حال حاضر از دورۀ اسلامي در ايران تا سدۀ 5 ه.ق. متأسفانه هيچ كاشي تاريخ داري برجاي نمانده است و بسياري از تاريخگذاريهاي مربوط به كاشيهاي بدون تاريخ، بدون توجه به فنساخت و بر اساس شكل ظاهري بوده و مطالعات باستانسنجي و ساليابي با اتكا به مطالعات آزمايشگاهي انجام نپذيرفته و در واقع با حدس و گمان انجام شده است؛ بنابراين نميتواند قابل قبول باشد. همچنين شش مجموعۀ كاشي يا تك كاشي در نتيجۀ پژوهش به عنوان كهن ترين كاشي هاي دورۀ اسلامي ايران معرفي شد. يكي از اصلي ترين نتايج اين پژوهش، مربوط به شناسايي استفاده از قطعات شكستۀ ظروف سفالي لعابدار در آرايۀ معماري ايران است كه برخي از پژوهشگران، اين آثار را به عنوان كاشي معرفي كرده اند. دستيابي به نتيجۀ مذكور، اين احتمال را تقويت ميكند كه شايد اين اقدام، اولين ايدۀ ساخت كاشي براي آرايۀ معماري را شكل داده باشد.
چكيده لاتين :
The companion of different materials in architectural decorations of Iran, during the Islamic era, in
many cases has opened up new art styles and techniques and changed the aesthetic look of the
cultures that carry this phenomenon. The accompaniment of brick, plaster and glaze decorations is
one of the fascinating changes in the history of art of Iranian architectural decorations that its history
of invention has remained somewhat obscure. Meanwhile, the initial idea of using tiles in the
decorations of Iranian architecture in the Islamic era remains largely unknown. Tile is a type of
architectural decoration that may be originated from ancient Iran, and therefore, little information is
available about the manufacturing and execution techniques and specimens of tile works from the
early centuries of the Islamic era. This aim of this work was to distinguish between the tile and the
glazed-brick. From the view-point of the researcher, when the thickness of the glazed-ceramic
exceeds from its width, the work becomes glazed-brick, while the width of the glazed-ceramic become
greater than its thickness, it will be a tile. The main purpose of this research was to obtain the
information on the oldest tiles of the Islamic period in Iran, which could be found as the glazedceramic in the architectural design Khajeh Atabak in Kerman. In order to achieve the aims of this
research, the study of written sources and the field studies were carried out simultaneously, to
characterize the tile works in Iranian architectural decorations, especially at the tomb of Khajeh
Atabak in Kerman. On the basis of the results obtained, it could be said that unfortunately from the
Islamic period in Iran till the 11th century AD., no dated tiles have been left. Many of the tiles with no
written date on them have been dated by researchers regardless the manufacturing technology, and
only based on the tiles appearance and archaeological characteristics. These dating studies have not
been performed based on the laboratory studies and they were actually done with speculation, so are
not scientifically acceptable. For example, for decades it was thought that the oldest tiles in Iranian
architecture belong to the Qazvin Jame-Mosque, while as a result of field studies realized in this
research, it was found that there is no antique tile in this monument, where the color of the painting
was mistakenly recognized as tile. Donald Wilber reported this error for the first time, and over the
several decades, all the researchers repeated the same error without careful scrutiny. Anyway, the tile
samples of five monuments with a collection of tiles or with one single tile were identified as the
oldest tiles of the Islamic period in Iran. One of the main results of this research is to identify the use
of fractured pieces of glazed pottery in architectural decorations, where some researchers have
identified these works as the tiles. In these cases, both sides of the pieces of potteries have glaze and
the body is very thin and delicate along with the arches and curves. Moreover, in some cases the edges
of the pottery container can also be seen. Achieving this result reinforces this hypothesis that using
the broken pottery container may have formed the first idea for tiles construction.
