بررسي ساختار بصري آثار ناتمام در هنر نقاشي و مجسمه غرب

Study of the Visual Structure of Unfinished Works in Western Painting & Sculpture

هدف از نگارش مقاله حاضر بررسي ساختار بصري آثاري است كه به صورت ناتمام در هنر نقاشي و مجسمه سازي غرب، توسط هنرمندان، در زمان­ هاي مختلف و شيوه ­هاي متعدد شكل­ گرفته است و سرانجام تاثير به سزايي بر «نظريات روشنفكران غربي» گذاشته است. در اين كنكاش در پي آنيم كه: آيا هنرمنداني عمدا، اثري را ناكامل ارائه كرده‌اند يا برحسب اتفاق و ناخواسته، اين آثار شكل گرفته است؟ آيا يك اثر هنري را مي‌توان تمام شده محسوب كرد؟ به عنوان يافته­ هاي اين پژوهش، مي ­توان چنين اظهار نمود كه با گذشت زمان و سپري شدن قرون متمادي و با توجه به گونه ­گونگي فرهنگ ­ها در جوامع بشري و تغيير و تحولات تكنيكي، اين موضوع دستخوش تغييراتي مي­ گردد كه در بسياري از قرون گذشته مطرح نبوده است و متعاقبا، در اين گونه آثار نگرش و رويكرد قابل توجهي ديده مي­شود كه جاي واكاوي و تعمق دارد. سرانجام به عنوان نتيجه حاصل شده، بايد گفت كه اين گونه آثار در ابتدا از فضايي به پايان نرسيده سرچشمه گرفته، ليكن، بعدها به نگاهي پارادوكسال تبديل شده است و چه بسا از دست ­آوردهاي «ناتماميت» بهره جسته كه برداشتي نوآورانه و بسيار عميق فكري مي ­باشد. در واقع، استفاده از ناتماميت يا به ديگر سخن، پايان نيافته، هميشه نشات گرفته از فضايي حقيقتا، ناكامل نبوده است، بلكه گاه، برخي از هنرمندان براي به صحنه كشيدن نا­ديدني­ ها و يا به نمايش گذاشتن فضايي نامحسوس از قالب ناتماميت سود جسته­ اند.

The article at hand intends to examine the visual structure of works categorized as ‘incomplete’ created by different artists in different epochs of time or in other words, in the course of centuries which greatly affected the viewpoints of many Western intellectuals. For this purpose, this study has endeavored to answer two main questions: can an artworks be considered complete, despite appearing to be unfinished? an‎d also Have the artists deliberately made an incomplete work or it has happened accidentally without intention? In any case, as the findings of this study, it can be stated that with the passage of time and many centuries on the one hand, and due to the diversity of cultures in human societies and technical changes from the other, the subject has undergone tremendous changes that were absent during the past centuries and subsequently, there is a significant attitude and approach in these artworks that can be deliberated upon and interpreted. The research findings indicate that such works were first rooted in an unfinished space but later, they tuned into a paradoxical viewpoint and perhaps utilized the achievements of ‘incompleteness’, which is ‘supposedly’ a very profound, innovative notion. In fact, the use of ‘incompleteness’ or, in other words, unfinished, has not always been rooted in an actually incomplete space but sometimes, some artists have utilize ‘incompleteness’ to portray things that cannot be seen or illustrate an intangible space. So, some old works of visual arts, especially painting and sculpture, have remained incomplete. Sometimes because completing them was time consuming and other times, due to countless other reasons. This is interesting for a group of artists that like ‘incomplete’ or ‘unfinished’ art. Therefore, in order to clarify the reason for creating such works first the term unfinished and incomplete have been surveyed from Etymological perspective. Then, brief history of incomplete visual artworks has been offered. In this connection, a particular attention has been paid to the completion of such paintings and their statues. Afterwards, the visual structures of the works which have become famous as unfinished works are studied. The research finally comes to conclusion. Carried out through desk study of library resources and valid internet resources, the research has been conducted using historical- descriptive method. Also the study takes up an analytical approach to clarify the relations. Particularly this research has tried to take note of different cultures and religions as well as social, national and traditional outlooks that have emerged.