مقايسه شهروندي سياسي در نظام‌هاي دموكراسي غربي و مردم‌سالاري ديني

Comparison of Political Citizenship in Western Democracy and Religious Democracy

نسبت ميان انسان با جامعه و دولت كه در ادبيات سياسي امروز به نسبت شهروند با دولت (شهروندي سياسي) شناخته مي‌شود در نظام‌هاي سياسي مختلف به گونه‌اي متفاوت تعريف مي‌شود. در اين نسبت، مهم‌ترين بحث، مربوط به حقوق و تكاليف دو جانبه‌اي است كه دولت و شهروند در ارتباط با يكديگر دارند. مبناي اختلاف نظر نظام‌هاي مختلف سياسي ناشي از نگاهي است كه نسبت به فرد، جامعه و دولت دارند. پرسش اصلي پژوهش اين است كه وجه تمايز شهروند سياسي در دو نظام دموكراسي غربي و مردم سالاري ديني چيست؟ فرضيه پژوهش اين است كه نسبت شهروند با دولت در نظام غربي كلاسيك فضيلت‌مند و معطوف به تكاليف معنا مي‌شود اما در نظام غربي مدرن به دليل محوريّت فرديّت در جامعه، نسبت شهروند با دولت معطوف به حقوقي است كه شهروند در ارتباط با دولت دارد. از طرفي نسبت شهروند با دولت در نظام مردم‌سالاري ديني كه مبتني بر ايمان است نسبت حقّ و تكليف است كه غرض اصلي از آن معنويّت و قرب خداوند است. روش تحقيق در اين پژوهش توصيفي- تحليلي و مبتني بر جمع‌آوري داده‌ها به شيوه كتابخانه‌اي است.

The relation between human beings with society and state, which in today's political literature is relative to the citizen with the state (political citizenship), Is defined differently in different political systems. The most important discussion in this ratio, relates to the rights and duties of the two sides that the state and the citizen are in relation to each other. The basis for differences in the views of various political systems in the conception of this relationship is due to a view of the individual, society and state. In the two political systems based on Western democracy and the system based on religious democracy, this difference of opinion is quite evident; although there are similarities in many cases. The main question of the research is that what is the difference between the citizen's relationship with the state in the two systems of Western democracy and religious democracy? The research hypothesis is that the ratio of citizen to state in the classical Western system was based on the virtues and duties of citizens towards the state; but in the modern Western system, due to the centrality of individuality in society, the ratio of citizens to the state is focused on the rights that a citizen has in relation to the state. On the other hand, the proportion of citizen with the state in the system of religious democracy is based on faith and is formed in that relationship between the citizen and the state based on the right and duty system, the main purpose of which is spirituality and proximity to God.