بررسي حالت ايستايي در دوران پيش از تاريخ سرزمين ما(بر بنياد نظريه تمدني توينبي و تطبيق با شواهد باستاني)

Study on the Static Situation of the Medes Community in the Pre- Historic Period ) Based on the Toynbee’s Civilization Theory and Ancient Evidence)

در تفكر توينبي (1889-1975)، دوران ايستايي جامعه را مي­ توان دوره نا پويايي، سكون و بي‌تحركي دانست. اعضاي چنين جامعه­اي پاسخي در برابر چالش­هاي پيش رو نداشته، حالتي منفعل به خود گرفته و تسليم شرايط موجود مي­ شوند. به عبارتي، جامعه ايستايي همچون ماد، جامعه‌اي است كه در حالت كلي تا حدودي فاقد مكانيسم‌هاي اساسي دگرگون بخش بوده و نوعي راكد بودن و بي­ حركتي از شاخصه ­هاي آن تلقي مي ­شود. طبق چنين نظريه­اي، پيدايش تمدن در ايران باستان نتيجه­ يك انقلاب و همچنين حركت جامعه از گذشته­ اي ايستا به‌سوي آينده­ اي پويا تلقي مي ­شود. درهرحال، اين مقاله با استفاده از روش تحقيق تاريخي در پي اين هدف است كه مشخصه‌هاي جامعه ماد را پيش از مرحله پويايي با استناد به شواهد موجود موردبررسي قرار داده و تحليل نمايد. رهاورد اين پژوهش نشان دادن چگونگي تطبيق يا احتمالاً عدم تطبيق نظريات تمدني توينبي با بخشي از تاريخ ايران باستان است. درعين‌حال، تجزيه‌وتحليل مشخصات كلي جامعه ايستاي ماد با استناد بر حقايق و شواهد تاريخي و اين‌كه هرگز جامعه‌اي همچون ماد به‌رغم ايستايي به‌طور مطلق فاقد دگرگوني دروني نبوده، از ديگر دستاوردهاي پژوهش حاضر است.

Sociologically, the static situation of society can be seen as a period of instability, stagnation, and inactivity, accompanied by features such as the lack of fundamental transformative and stagnant mechanisms. The members of such a society are not responsive to the challenges ahead, take a passive state and succumb to the conditions. The purpose of this article is to examine the static situation of Median society in the pre-civilization (pre-historic) period from the point of view of Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975). According to the writings of this scientist, the Late Paleolithic period until the Copper Age covers this period. The land of Medes also refers only to the geographical and local extent of the research in which the Median Empire was later formed. However, this paper, using the historical research methods, being sought to examine and analyze the characteristics of the Median society before the dynamic stage based on existing evidence. In Toynbee’s thinking, the difference between the static situation of pre-civilization societies and the dynamic mobility of societies in the course of civilization is not a permanent and fundamental one. According to this theory, the emergence of civilization in ancient Iran is seen as the result of a revolution as well as the movement of society from a static past to a dynamic future. The achievement of this research is to show that all the pre-civilization societies that have been seen stagnating state have necessarily been at development and growth condition. The results of this study will also be a comparative study of Toynbee’s civilization theories with existing archeological evidence. Meanwhile, the analysis of the general characteristics of the Median static society based on historical facts and evidences, is one of the other results of the present study.