پديد آورندگان :
غلاميان، مهشيد دانشگاه علم و صنعت ايران - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي , آقا يزدانفر، عباس دانشگاه علم و صنعت ايران - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي , نوروزيان ملكي، سعيد دانشگاه شهيد بهشتي - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي
كليدواژه :
نماي ساختمان , الگوواره , دوره قاجار , شاخصه معماري اسلامي
چكيده فارسي :
با توجه به تحولات صورت گرفته در قرون اخير، تغييرات فراواني در نما و عناصر آن به وجود آمده كه موجب آشفتگي در سيماي بصري ساختمان‌ها شده است. اين در حالي است كه در طول تاريخ تا اواخر دوره قاجار و اوايل دوره پهلوي اول، سبكهاي معماري ادامه‌دهنده و تكميل‌كننده سبكهاي پيشين بوده‌اند. در اواخر قاجار اين روند تكميلي و تدريجي گسسته شده و ساختار نماهاي اين دوران و پس از آن از ويژگيهاي ديگري برخوردار مي باشد؛ اين پژوهش به دنبال مقايسه تطبيقي نماهاي سه شيوه دوره قاجار با اصول معماري اسلامي است. روش انجام تحقيق به‌صورت تركيبي (كمي و كيفي) و نوع پژوهش تفسيري – تاريخي و پيمايشي است. ابزار جمع‌آوري داده ها، مطالعات كتابخانه‌اي، اسنادي و مشاهدات ميداني است. به همين منظور به بررسي نماي سبك‌ها و شيوه هاي هر دوره و مقايسه معيارها و شاخص هاي ساختار كالبدي معماري اسلامي در نماهاي شهري و واحدهاي عملكردي در دو ساحت كتابخانه اي و ميداني پرداخته ميشود. بعد از دستيابي به چارچوب نظري در اين خصوص، هفت شاخصه هندسه، تناسبات، تقارن، هماهنگي، سلسله مراتب، نظم و ريتم و وحدت در كثرت به عنوان شاخصه هاي معماري اسلامي به دست آمدند. در ادامه به‌صورت تصادفي ساده از هر سه شيوه در دوره قاجار، 3 بنا انتخاب و به‌صورت گرافيكي شاخصه هاي معماري اسلامي در آنها پياده شد؛ سپس به منظور انتخاب شاخصه هاي حائز اهميت در هر دوره، 42 نفر از دانشجويان و 9 نفر از اساتيد معماري و شهرسازي، پرسشنامه پژوهشگر ساخته را تكميل كردند. توجه به شاخصه هاي داراي اهميت در هر بنا، گوياي آن است كه تغيير كالبدي معماري، با توجه به ساختار فكري معماري دوران خود، قابل تفسير مي باشد؛ و صرفاً تغيير فيزيكي نمي تواند در نهايت به تغيير ساختاري سبكي بينجامد.
چكيده لاتين :
The major change processes that have taken place in recent centuries, affect the facade and its elements. These changes have caused variations in the visual appearance of buildings. However, throughout the history of the late Qajar dynasty and the early years of the Pahlavi reign, different architectural styles have been developed and they were evolving as societies changed over the centuries. In the history of Iranian architecture, there has never been a break with the history of architecture. But in the last century, the alien elements entered into the Iranian-Islamic architecture and there has been a change in the principles of architecture. In the late Qajar period, the process has been discontinued and the structure of the façades as well as other architectural features were being modified. At the beginning of the Qajar era, the presence of Western symbols was also important in the facades. External factors contribute towards the indigenous architecture of a region to a great extent. Extracting patterns from different Islamic periods can be used in modern architecture. After the glorious era of Safavid architecture, the Qajar period is the interface between the past and the future architecture. The nature of the exodus of traditional Iranian architecture during this period were undoubtedly influenced by the Constitutional Movement. However, the dynamics of the modernization in the Pahlavi era brought about changes in Iranian society. This study seeks to compare the views of different eras in accordance with the principles of Islamic architecture. The methodological approach of the research is mixed (quantitative and qualitative). The study is based on an interpretative-historical research strategy using library information resources, field observations, and questionnaire survey data. In this regard, the study of architectural styles and practices of each period, the quantitative comparison of the fundamental characteristics and indicators of Islamic architecture in urban façades, and functional units in different categories are discussed. Depending on the theoretical framework of the current research, seven indicators of Islamic architecture were obtained. These indicators include geometry, proportion, symmetry, harmony, dynamics, order and rhythm, and unity in plurality. In the next step, three different buildings were chosen and made subject to a systematic inquiry. 42 students and 9 faculty members of architecture and planning were selected to study the characteristics of each building. After the pilot work was completed, the questionnaire was distributed to the respondents. Finally, the important attributes were determined in each building. Based on the findings, it is suggested that the change of architecture can be interpreted according to the intellectual architecture of its era. Therfore, only a physical change could not ultimately lead to a structural change in style.
