كاربست زبان‌شناسي تاريخي و شناختي در تحليل ساختار مفهومي «عرف» در قرآن

Employing Etymological and Cognitive Approach in Investigating the Conceptual Structure of ʻrf in the Quran Emphasizing on the Term al Maʻrūf

معناي مادۀ ع‌رف و واژۀ «معروف» در قرآن همواره مورد اختلاف لغويان و مفسران بوده است. در اين مطالعه بنا داريم با تحليل درزماني مادۀ ع‌رف با رويكرد ريشه‌شناختي و بررسي سير تحول اين ماده در زبان‌هاي سامي، عربي قرآني و منابع لغوي عربي كلاسيك گونه‌هاي معنايي اين ماده و اشتراك لفظي يا چندمعنايي بودن آن را تبيين، و با رويكردي شناختي مدل مفهوم‌سازي اين ماده را درقرآن مطالعه كنيم. مي‌خواهيم با مطالعۀ ريشه‌شناختي ماده از اين دفاع كنيم كه ‌معاني «يال اسب»، «بوي خوش»، «صبر»، «باد»، «علم و شناخت» و امثال آن‌ها كه براي ماده ذكر شده، مربوط به ريشه‌هاي مختلف، و شباهت به‌وجودآمده ناشي از اشتراك لفظ است. نيز، مي‌خواهيم نشان دهيم كه معناي غالب اين ماده در قرآن از بسط استعاري معناي «صورت» به «شناختن» به وجود آمده است. برپايۀ اين دستاوردها مي‌توان از اين دفاع كرد كه «معروف» هم‌چون اصطلاحي كه درون نظام قرآني شكل گرفته، بر همين مبنا بر عملي دلالت مي‌كند كه در جامعۀ اسلامي به استمرار ديده شده، و درنتيجه مألوف گشته است.

The meaning of "ʻrf " and "Maʻruf" which the Qur'an has placed at the center of social relations have always been disputed by linguists and interpreters. This study investigates the semantic variants of the word by using the etymological approach and its evolution in Semitic, Qur'anic Arabic and classical Arabic lexical sources. The study of its conceptual model in the Qur'an by using the cognitive approach. According to the etymological studies, the meanings of "main of horse", "good smell", "patience", "wind", "science and cognition", etc., are related to different origins and similarities arising from homonymy. The mane meaning of this origin in the Qur'an derived from the metaphorical extension of the meaning of 'face' to 'knowing'. "Maʻruf " as a term formed within the Qur'anic system is based on the same meaning as an act that has been continuously seen in the Islamic society, and consequently has become familiar is a concept at the superordinate level, and concepts such as "Ṣalāt", "Qisṭ", "Adl', "Taqwā", "Ihsān", "Birr", "Zakāh", etc., are the basic-level (stable) concepts in this category. God has applied only to the basic-level concepts of this category and leave "Maʻruf " as a temporal and spatial concept - such as the designation of "Maʻruf " saying and behaving - the responsibility of individuals in the religious community.