بررسي نظريه مشهور در شهادت بر شهادت

Investigation of the Famous Theory of Testimony on Testimony

شاهد يا خود مستقيم گواه واقعه بوده و بر آن شهادت مي‌دهد و يا به واسطه شاهدِ واقعه از آن رخداد اطلاع يافته و بر شهادت او گواهي مي‌دهد. كسي كه خودش گواه واقعه بوده است و بر آن شهادت مي‌دهد، شهادتش شهادت اصل و خود وي شاهد اصل و كسي كه بر شهادت او نزد حاكم شهادت مي‌دهد، شهادتش شهادت فرع و خود او شاهد فرع ناميده مي‌شود. از آنجا كه حضور شاهد اصلي در بسياري از موارد متعذر مي‌گردد، تبيين و تنقيح اين بحث ضروري است. بسياري از فقيهان، شهادت بر شهادت را با رعايت هفت شرط به عنوان دليل اثبات دعوي پذيرفته‌اند كه به اشتراط برخي تصريح كرده و برخي را در ضمن عباراتشان بيان كرده‌اند. اما از نگاه اين تحقيق، دليل قانع كننده‌اي براي اشتراط شرط اول، دوم، پنجم، ششم و هفتم، از سوي فقها ارائه نشده است؛ از اين رو اين شروط قابل نقد است و غير لازم به نظر مي‌رسد. همچنين ادله مشهور در رابطه با اثبات عدم مقبوليت شهادت بر شهادتِ شهود فرع كه اصطلاحاً به آن شهادت ثالثه مي‌گويند نيز نارسا و قاصر است و اعتبار شهادت سوم قابل دفاع مي‌باشد.

The witness himself directly testifies and testifies on it or by witnesses to the incident being informed of that event and testifying to his testimony. The one who witnesses the event and testifies about it, his testimony is the original testimony. an‎d he himself bears witness, and the one who testifies to his testimony before the ruler is called his subordinate witness, and he himself is called the subordinate witness. Since the presence of the original witness is often overlooked, it is necessary to elucidate and expurgation this argument. Many jurisprudents have accepted testimony on the testimony by following of seven conditions as evidence to prove the claim; which have been explicitly stated and some have been stated in their phrases. But from the point of view of this research, there is no convincing reason for satisfying the first, second, fifth, sixth, and seventh conditions, so these conditions can be criticized and seem unnecessary. Famous reasons in support of the inadmissibility of testimony on the testimony of subordinate witnesses which is in expression is third-party testimony is also said to be defective and the credibility of the third testimony is defensible.