ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻌﺪد اﺳﺒﺎب در ﺗﺤﻘّﻖ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﻤﯿﻤﻪ اي

The role of multiplicity of instruments in fulfilling the attachment liability

ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺗﻌﺪد اﺳﺒﺎب اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﺳﺒﺎب ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮري واﺣﺪ دارد. اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎع اﺳﺒﺎب ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻃﻮﻟﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ واﺣـﺪي را در اﯾﺠـﺎد ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽ دﻫﻨﺪ و ﯾﺎ آﻧﮑﻪ اﺳﺒﺎب ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻮده و ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺑـﺎ ﯾﮑـﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﺪاﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﻫﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼً ﺳﺒﺐ ﺿﻤﺎن ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﮔﺮدد. ﻟﺬا ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ وﺻﻒ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺒﺒﯿﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﺼـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺒﺒﯿﺖ ﻋﺮﻓﯽ ﻧﺒﻮده و ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺘﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺳﺒﺒﯿﺖ ﻗﺮاردادي و ﯾﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﯾﺪ، در ﻓﺮض ﺗﻌﺪد اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯽ اﺳﺒﺎب، ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻧﻬﺎد ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﻤﯿﻤﻪ اي ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ در آن ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﺑﺪون وﺟﻮد راﺑﻄﻪ ﻧﯿﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ، در ﻗﺒﺎل زﯾﺎن دﯾﺪه ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻣﯽ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ. در اﯾـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﺳـﻌﯽ ﺷـﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺪﻗﯿﻖ در ﻣﻌﻨﺎ و ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺳﺒﺐ و ﺳﺒﺒﯿﺖ و اراﺋﻪ ﺗﻘﺴـﯿﻤﯽ از ﺳـﺒﺒﯿﺖ، ﺗﻌـﺪد اﺳـﺒﺎب را ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑـﺎ روﯾﮑﺮدي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ دو ﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﻌﺪد اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﺳﺒﺎب و ﺗﻌﺪد اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯽ اﺳﺒﺎب ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻧﻤﻮده و ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻗﺴـﻢ اﺧﯿﺮ ﺗﻌﺪد اﺳﺒﺎب را در اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ از آن ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﻤﯿﻤﻪ اي ﯾـﺎد ﻧﻤـﻮده اﯾـﻢ، ﺑـﺎ ﺑﯿـﺎن ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯿﻢ.

The issue of the multiplicity of instruments is devoted to examining the effect of various instruments on unit loss. This may be in the form of a community of instruments that form longitudinally or transversely as a single source of damage, or that several instruments are independent and unrelated to each other, and each cause be it the source of the guarantee independently. Thus, although causation is not exclusive to customary causation and may arise from contractual or legal liability, assuming the independence of the independence multiplicity of instruments, we see a legal entity of attachment liability in which many authorities are unrelated to Each other is liable for all damages for the loss. this article attempts with scrutiny in meaning and understanding of cause and causation and offerring a division of causation, also divides the multiplicity of instruments with a new approach in terms to the social multiplicity of instruments and the independence multiplicity of instruments. an‎d to explain the recent role of the multiplicity of instruments in creating the responsibility we have referred to as attachment liability, with different instances.