واﮐﺎوي ﺟﺮم اﻧﮕﺎري ﺗﺮك ﻓﻌﻞ در ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ دو اﺻﻞ ﺧﻮدﻣﺪاري و رﻓﺎه

Criminalization of Omissions in Contradiction of Autonomy and Welfare Principles

ﺟﺮماﻧﮕﺎري ﺗﺮك ﻓﻌﻞ در ﺣﻘﻮق ﮐﯿﻔﺮي، ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻋﯽ ﭼﺎﻟﺸـﯽ اﺳـﺖ و ﺳـﻨﺖ ﺣﻘـﻮﻗﯽ در اﯾـﻦ راﺑﻄـﻪ درﻧﻈﺎم ﻫﺎي ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ، ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ. در وﻫﻠﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ روﺷﻦ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ آﯾﺎ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ و ﭼﯿﺴﺘﯽ، ﻣﯿﺎن ﻓﻌﻞ و ﺗﺮك ﻓﻌﻞ ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد ﯾﺎ ﺧﯿﺮ و در ﺻﻮرت وﺟﻮد ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻤـﺎﯾﺰي، آﯾـﺎ اﯾـﻦ ﺗﻤـﺎﯾﺰ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺮزﻧﺶﭘﺬﯾﺮي اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ، ﺗﺮك ﻓﻌﻞ در ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮي از ﻓﻌﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد ﯾﺎ ﺧﯿﺮ. در اﯾﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ »ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﮔﺮاﯾﺎن« و »وﻇﯿﻔﻪﮔﺮاﯾﺎن« روﯾﮑﺮد ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﯽ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ. در »ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﮔﺮاﯾﯽ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ«، ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻓﻌـﻞ و ﺗﺮك ﻓﻌﻞ ﻧﻔﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد در ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ در »اﺧﻼق وﻇﯿﻔﻪﮔﺮا« اﯾـﻦ ﺗﻤـﺎﯾﺰ ﺑـﻪ رﺳـﻤﯿﺖ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣـﯽ شـﻮد. ﺟﺮم اﻧﮕﺎري ﺗﺮك ﻓﻌﻞ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﯿﺎن دو اﺻﻞ اﺳـﺖ؛ اﺻـﻞ »ﺧﻮدﻣـﺪاري « در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ اﺻـﻞ »رﻓـﺎه «. ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎن ﺟﺮماﻧﮕﺎري ﺗﺮك ﻓﻌﻞ، ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي اﺻﻞ ﺧﻮدﻣﺪاري اﻋﺘﻘﺎد دارﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺟـﺮم اﻧﮕـﺎري در ﺣﻘـﻮق ﮐﯿﻔﺮي اﺻﻮﻻً ﺗﮑﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﺳﻠﺒﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ اﺳﺖ و اﻟﺰام ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪان ﺑﻪ ﺗﮑﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﯾﺠﺎﺑﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻼف اﻫﺪاف اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق ﮐﯿﻔﺮي اﺳﺖ و اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﺐ آزادي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. از دﯾﮕﺮ ﺳﻮ، ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﮐﯿـﺪ ﺑﺮ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از ﺧﻮدﻣﺪاري اﻓﺮاﻃﯽ و ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﯽ ﺣﻘـﻮق ﮐﯿﻔـﺮي، ﺳـﻄﺤﯽ از ﻫﻤﮑـﺎري اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ را ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺧﻮدﻣﺪاري ﻓﺮدي ﺿﺮوري ﻣﯽداﻧﻨﺪ؛ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﻋﺘﻘﺎد دارﻧﺪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﺮك ﻓﻌﻞ در ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻧﺎزلﺗﺮي از ﻓﻌﻞ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺮزﻧﺶﭘﺬﯾﺮي، ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺑﻪ اﺻﻞ ﺟﺮماﻧﮕـﺎري ﯾـﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن ﺟﺮماﻧﮕﺎري ﺗﺮك ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺪارد. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ »دﮐﺘـﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻌـﻞ و ﺗـﺮك ﻓﻌـﻞ « ﺑـﻪ واﮐﺎوي ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ و اﺻﻮل رﻗﯿﺐ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺮماﻧﮕﺎري ﺗﺮك ﻓﻌﻞ و ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﯽ آن ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازد.

Criminalizing of omissions is a controversial issue in criminal law and two predominant legal traditions regarding this matter have arisen. At first, it should be proved whether there is any metaphysical difference between act and omission and then whether this difference is to bring about differentiated punishability. Consequentialism and utilitarian have a different view of deontologist. There are two competing principles regarding Criminalizing of omission: autonomy and welfare principles. On the bases of autonomy principle, the subject of criminal law is the negative obligations and criminalizing the omissions lead to the extension of criminal law’s network. Welfare principle’s argument insists on the social corporations and responsibility in the society. They believe that criminalization of omission is not related to existence of differences between an act and omission. However when the omissions brought in the criminal law, it will faced with several technical challenges. This article seeks to discuss arguments of these contradictory principles and technical challenges of criminalization of omissions.