ﻗﺼﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ در ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ: ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر و ﺷﯿﻮه اﺣﺮاز آن

Qquality of recognition of the intention of the dealers in Smart Contracts

ﻗﺮاردادﻫــﺎي ﻫﻮﺷــﻤﻨﺪ، ﯾﮑــﯽ از اﺑﺰارﻫــﺎي ﮐﺎرآﻣــﺪ و ﻣــﺆﺛّﺮ ﺑــﺮاي ورود ﺑــﻪ ﺑﺎزارﻫــﺎي ﺟﻬــﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ. ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ، ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎرت ﻫﻮش ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ در ﺑﺴـﺘﺮ ﺑـﻼك ﭼـﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﻌﻘـﺪ ﻣـﯽ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ و ﻋـﻮض ﻗﺮاردادي در آﻧﻬﺎ، داراﯾﯽﻫﺎي ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﯾﺎ ارزﻫﺎي رﻣﺰﻧﮕﺎري ﺷﺪه دﯾﺠﯿﺘﺎﻟﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻗﺼﺪ ﯾﮑﯽ از ارﮐﺎن ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻗﺮاردادي در ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎت ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد و اﺑﺮاز و اﺣﺮاز آن ﺷﺮط ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ و اﺟﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻗﺮاردادي اﺳﺖ. اﻋﺘﺒﺎرِ اﯾﻦ ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻨﻮط ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت اﻣﮑﺎن اﺣﺮاز ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺑـﻪ روﺷـﯽ مطمئن و اﺻﯿﻞ اﺳﺖ. اﺑﺮاز ﻗﺼﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ در ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ از ﻃﺮﯾـﻖ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴـﻢ ﻫـﺎي ﺗﺨﺼـﯿﺺ ﻣﺠـﻮز اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از اﻣﻀــﺎﻫﺎي دﯾﺠﯿﺘــﺎﻟﯽ، ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢ ﻫــﺎي ﺗﺨﺼــﯿﺺِ ﻣﺠــﻮزِ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از ارزﻫــﺎي ﻣﺠــﺎزي و ﺳــﺎزوﮐﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺧﻮرداري از ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ، اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ در ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨـﺪﮔﯽ ﻫـﻮش ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد، ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﯿﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻇﻬﻮر ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ، اﻧﺠـﺎم ﻣـﯽ ﮔﯿـﺮد. ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ وﺻﻒ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﮕﯽ و اﺻﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﻮا و اﻣﻀﺎي ﻗﺮارداد ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ و اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن از اﻫﻠﯿﺖ و ﻗﺼـﺪ ﺟـﺪي ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ و ﻣﻼﺋﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ، دﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ و دوﻟﺘﯽ را ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻗﺮاردادﻫـﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ اﺻﻞ رﺿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻮدن ﮐﻨﺎر ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه و اﺑـﺮاز اراده ﻣﻌﺘﺒـﺮ در اﯾﻦ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت رﻧﮓ و ﺑﻮي ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻮد ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳـﺖ. اﯾـﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿـﻖ ﺑـﻪ روش اﺳـﻨﺎدي و ﺑـﺎ روﯾﮑﺮدي ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﺣﻘﻮق آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﺧﺎﺳـﺘﮕﺎه ﻗﺮاردادﻫـﺎي ﻫﻮﺷـﻤﻨﺪ، در ﺻـﺪد ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﮔﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﺆال اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﯿﻮهﻫﺎي اﺣﺮاز ﻗﺼﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ و ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺷﯿﻮهﻫـﺎ ﭼﯿﺴـﺖ؟ و اﯾﻦ ﺷﯿﻮهﻫﺎ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﺳﺖ؟ در اﯾﻦ ﺧﺼﻮص ﺿـﺮورت دارد ﺗـﺎ اﺑﺘـﺪا ﻣﻔﻬـﻮم ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ اﺣﺮاز ﻗﺼﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ و زﯾﺮﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﻫـﺎي لازم و ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ و اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ، در اﯾﻦ ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮔﺮدد.

Technology development is one of the tools for developing e-commerce. In recent years, the emergence of public Ledgers such as the Blockchain and the invention of digital cryptocurrencies have created a new type of electronic contract called smart contracts. Smart contracts are contracts under the supervision of artificial intelligence in the context of the Blockchain, and the contractor replaces them with smart properties or digital cryptocurrencies. Intention is one of the pillars of the formation of any contract in legal systems. These contracts must be able to identify the element of intent in order to be considered valid in any legal system. Acquiring the intent of the parties in smart contracts through the licensing mechanisms for the use of digital signatures, the mechanisms for assigning permissions to use virtual currencies, the mechanisms for accessing information systems, and in contracts that are represented by artificial intelligence, the conclusion of a transaction by The representative represents the intention of the attorney to grant the lawyer to the client.