تحليل الگوهاي مهاجرت فصلي و چرخشي سالانه نيروي كار روستايي به شهر، مطالعه موردي: شهرستان سروآباد

Analysis patterns of circular and seasonal migration of rural labor to cities, case study: Sarvabad County

ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﯾﮑﯽ از ﭼﻬﺎر ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﻓﺼﻠﯽ و ﭼﺮﺧﺸﯽ ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ درآﻣﺪي ﺧﺎﻧﻮارﻫﺎي روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﻧﻈﺮ دارد اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﻓﺼﻠﯽ و دوره اي ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐـﺎر روﺳـﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻬﺮ را ﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﺪف ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي، از ﻧﻈﺮ روش اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠـﯽ ﻣـﯽ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ. ﺣﻤـﻊ آوري دادهﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﺳﻨﺎدي و روش ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐـﻪ در روش ﻣﯿـﺪاﻧﯽ از ﭘﺮﺳﺸـﻨﺎﻣﻪ و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ آﻣﺎري ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳـﺘﺎن ﺧﺎﻧﻮارﻫـﺎي روﺳـﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎن ﺳﺮوآﺑﺎد را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷـﻮد. رواﯾـﯽ ﭘﺮﺳـﻨﺎﻣﻪ از ﻃﺮﯾـﻖ اراﺋـﻪ ﺑـﻪ اﺳـﺎﺗﯿﺪ و ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎن ﮐـﻪ ﺳـﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ را داﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﯾﯿـﺪ ﮔﺮدﯾـﺪ و ﭘﺎﯾـﺎﯾﯽ ﭘﺮﺳﺸـﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ آﻟﻔـﺎي ﮐﺮوﻧﺒـﺎخ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ81. ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎ( اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻌـﺪاد ﮐـﻞ ﺧﺎﻧﻮارﻫـﺎي روﺳـﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻌﺪاد 324 ﻧﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﮐﻮﮐﺮان اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﺮدﯾﺪه اﻧـﺪ و از ﮐـﻞ 60 روﺳﺘﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد 13 روﺳﺘﺎ) 20 درﺻﺪ روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن( ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷـﺪه اﻧـﺪ در ﻫﺮ روﺳﺘﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﺴﺎوي ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ از ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺧﺎﻧﻮار ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ وﺿـﻌﯿﺖ 5 ﻧـﻮع داراﯾــﯽ ﺧــﺎﻧﻮار در دو ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﻣﻬــﺎﺟﺮان و ﻏﯿــﺮ ﻣﻬــﺎﺟﺮان ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﺷــﺪ در 3 ﻧــﻮع ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ)ﻣﻬــﺎﺟﺮﯾﻦ: 4,56ﻏﯿــﺮ ﻣﻬــﺎﺟﺮﯾﻦ: 4,42( و ﻣــﺎﻟﯽ) ﻣﻬــﺎﺟﺮﯾﻦ: 3,28ﻏﯿــﺮ ﻣﻬــﺎﺟﺮﯾﻦ:2,91 ( و اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ)ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﯾﻦ:3,51 ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﯾﻦ:3,02 ( وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮان ﺑﻬﺘﺮ از ﻏﯿـﺮ ﻣﻬـﺎﺟﺮان اﺳـﺖ و در 2 ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﺟﺘﻤــﺎﻋﯽ) ﻣﻬــﺎﺟﺮﯾﻦ: 3,39ﻏﯿــﺮ ﻣﻬــﺎﺟﺮﯾﻦ: 3,78( و ﻃﺒﯿﻌــﯽ) ﻣﻬــﺎﺟﺮﯾﻦ: 1,63 ﻏﯿــﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﯾﻦ:2,73 ( وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮان ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ در ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮐﻠﯽ )ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ:3,51 ﻏﯿـﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ: 3,19(وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻬـﺎﺟ ﺮان ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ ﺑـﻮده و در ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﻋﯿﻨـﯽ ﯾﻌﻨـﯽ ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑـﯽ4,56 )( و ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ)4,42( ﻧﯿﺰ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮان وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮي دارﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻣـﯽ ﺗـﻮان اﯾﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮان ﻓﺼﻠﯽ و ﭼﺮﺧﺸﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻨﻈﻢ و ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ در دو اﻟﮕﻮي ذﮐﺮ ﺷﺪه ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت از روي ﻧﺎﭼـﺎري و ﻣﻬـﺎﺟﺮت اﻧﺒﺎﺷـﺘﯽ، در اﻟﮕﻮي ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد.

Immigration is one of the four key elements of demographic change and circular and seasonal migration of rural labor force into the city, one of the sources of income of rural households in some rural areas. This study intends to study and analyze seasonal and circular migration patterns of rural labor force to the cities. About purpose this study is applied, the method is analytical, Gathering data on the basis of documentary research and field study, in the field section, questionnaires and observation method was used. Based on documentary research and field data collection method in the field of questionnaires, observation method was used. The study population included all heads of rural households of Sarvabad County. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was carried out. according to the total number of households in the rural of sarvabad county, 324 samples were selected from a total statistical population and of 60 villages, 13 villages (20 per cent of villages in the city) randomly selected, in each village as well as an equal number of households selected to complete the questionnaire. By comparing the situation of migrants and non-migrants in 5 Asset of households in two parts, were found in three types of physical capital and human and financial capital, situation of immigrants are better than non-immigrants, and non-immigrants at the social and natural capital are better. The situation was better in the objective capital (capitals that can be seen) of immigrants. According to the results, it can be concluded that the circular and seasonal migration at the case study base on two pattern of coping and cumulative are in cumulative pattern.