اﺛﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪﮔﯽ در ﺻﺪور ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﺎرﺗﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭼﮏ و ﻟﻮازم آن ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻨﻮاﻧﺴﯿﻮن ﻫﺎي ژﻧﻮ درﺑﺎره ﭼﮏ ﻣﺼﻮب 1931 م

The effect of representation theory on the issuance of a commercial documents on determination the Check date and its requirements In accordance with the Geneva Conventions of 1931 A.D.

در ﮐﻨﻮاﻧﺴﯿﻮنﻫﺎي ژﻧﻮ درﺑﺎره ﺑﺮات، ﺳﻔﺘﻪ و ﭼﮏ و ﮐﻨﻮاﻧﺴﯿﻮن آﻧﺴﯿﺘﺮال، ﺻـﺪور و ﺗﮑﻤﯿـﻞ ﻣﻔـﺎد ﺳـﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪﮔﯽ از دﯾﮕﺮي ﻣﻮرد ﭘﺬﯾﺮش واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﮐﻞ، ﺳـﻨﺪ ﻧﺎﻗﺼـﯽ را ﮐـﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﯾﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ از ﻣﻨﺪرﺟﺎت آن ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﻪ وﮐﯿﻞ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ و وي ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ ﻣﻔﺎد ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﺎري آن را از ﻃﺮف ﻣﻮﮐﻞ ﺻﺎدر ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﻟﺬا، ﭘﯿﺶ از آﻧﮑﻪ ﻣﻔﺎد ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ وﮐﯿﻞ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮدد، ﺳﻨﺪ ﻫﻨﻮز ﺻـﺎدر ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ در ﺣﺎﻟﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺣﻘﻮق اﯾﺮان و در ﻣﺎده 227 ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺠﺎرت، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻣﮑـﺎن ﺗﻮﮐﯿـﻞ در ﺻﺪور ﺑﺮات اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه و ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﮔﺬار داﺧﻠﯽ در ﻣﻮرد اﻋﻄـﺎي ﭼﻨـﯿﻦ وﮐـﺎﻟﺘﯽ در ﭼـﮏ ﻣـﺒﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ. اﺛﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع از ﺗﻮﮐﯿﻞ در ﭼﮏ، ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻞ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ آﺛﺎر ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻣﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﺑﺮ ﭼﮏ ﻫـﺎ ي ﺑـﺪون ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﯾﺎ داراي دو ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻣﻘﺪم و ﻣﺆﺧﺮ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﻣﮑﺎن ﺗﻮﮐﯿﻞ در ﺻﺪور و ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ ﻣﻔـﺎد ﭼـﮏ ، از ﻧﻈﺮﯾـ ﻪ اﻣﮑـﺎن ﺗﻮﮐﯿـﻞ در ﺣﻘﻮق اﯾﺮان دﻓﺎع ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ و ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼف ﻧﻈﺮ راﯾﺞ در ﺧﺼﻮص ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺻﺪور ﭼـﮏ ﻫـﺎ ي ﺑـﺪون ﺗـﺎرﯾﺦ ﯾـﺎ داراي دو ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻣﻘﺪم را ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺻﺪور ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺴﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﯾـ ﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨـﺪﮔﯽ ، ﺗـﺎرﯾﺦ ﻣﻘﺪم را ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﭼﮏ ﺑﻪ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪه ﻣﯽداﻧﺪ و ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺻﺪور ﺳﻨﺪ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻔـﺎد ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ وﮐﯿﻞ ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ و ﺻﺎدر ﮔﺮدد. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ، ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻞ، آﺛﺎر ﭘﺬﯾﺮش اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾـﻪ و ﻋﺪم آن را ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ.

In ‌ Geneva Conventions 1930 and 1931, on bill of exchange, Promissory note and check, issuing and completing content of commercial documents by agency has been accepted. So that the client submits an incomplete document and the agent complete and issue it. So the document has not been issued unless the agent completes the content of document. Nevertheless, in Iran law, has been referred to issuing bill of exchange, Under Article 227 of the commerce code, and the domestic legislator's view about such an agency, regarding the check is ambiguous. Facilitating the Explaining Legal effects is an important effect of accepting this kind of agency as regards the check without date and the check with Prior and late date. This article study the theory of agency in issuing and completing content of the check and Defends from this theory in Iran law. Contrary to prevailing opinion as regards the issue date about the checks without date and the checks with prior and late date that consider the Post Date as an Issue date and in the case of agency, the Post Date consider as a delivery date to the agent. On the other side, the document is issued when the agent‌ complete the incomplete document. In addition this article examines the effects of Acceptance and Rejection about this theory.