پديد آورندگان :
ﮔﺮﮔﯿﻨﯽ ﺷﺒﺎﻧﮑﺎره, ﺣﺴﯿﻦ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن - ﮔﺮوه ﻋﻠﻮم ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎﻧﯽ , ﺧﺮاﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﮋاد, ﺳﺎرا داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن - ﮔﺮوه ﻋﻠﻮم ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎﻧﯽ , ﺻﺎدﻗﯽ, ﻣﺮﺗﻀﯽ ﺟﻬﺎد ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن , اﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻤﯽ, ﭘﻮﻧﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن - ﮔﺮوه ﺷﯿﻤﯽ
كليدواژه :
اﺳﯿﺪآﻟﯽ و ﭘﺮوﻟﯿﻦ , ﺗﻨﺶ ﮐﻢ آﺑﯽ , ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ آﻧﺘﯽ اﮐﺴﯿﺪاﻧﯽ , ﻗﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل
چكيده فارسي :
ﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺧﺸﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪودﮐﻨﻨﺪه رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن و ﺷﺎﯾﻊ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺟﺪي ﺧﺸﮑﯽ و ﮐﻤﺒﻮد آب، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد اﺛﺮات ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ ﻣﻮردﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳـﺖ اﺧﯿﺮاً اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻧﻮاع اﺳﯿﺪﻫﺎي آﻟﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﮐﻤﯽ و ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت زراﻋﯽ و ﺑﺎﻏﯽ رواج ﻓﺮاوان ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﮐﻢ از اﺳﯿﺪﻫﺎي آﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ وﺟﻮد ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻫﻮرﻣﻮﻧﯽ، اﺛﺮات ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ اي در ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ، ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و زﯾﺴـﺘﯽ ﺧـﺎك و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮐﺸﺎورزي دارﻧﺪ. ﻟﺬا در ﻫﻤﯿﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛـﺮ رژ ﯾـﻢ ﻫـﺎي آﺑﯿـﺎري و ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﭘﺎﺷﯽ اﺳﯿﺪﻫﯿﻮﻣﯿﮏ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ و ﺑﯿﻮﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎه داروﯾﯽ ﺳﺮﺧﺎرﮔﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ.
ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ در ﺳﺎل زراﻋﯽ 1395-96ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮐﺮت ﻫﺎي ﺧﺮد ﺷﺪه در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮكﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ در ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﻏﯿﺮاﻧﺘﻔﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﻬﺎران ﮔﺮﮔﺎن ﺑﻪ اﺟﺮا درآﻣﺪ. ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي آزﻣـﺎﯾﺶ در ﭼﻬـﺎر ﺳـﻄﺢ دورآﺑﯿـﺎري )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ روز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﻫﺪ، ﺷﺶ، ﻧﻪ و دوازده روز ﯾﮑﺒﺎر آﺑﯿﺎري( و ﭼﻬﺎر ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﭘﺎﺷﯽ اﺳﯿﺪﻫﯿﻮﻣﯿﮏ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺻﻔﺮ، 150، 300 و 450 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﮔﺮم درﻟﯿﺘﺮ( در ﮐﺮت ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺑﻌﺎد ﯾﮏ در ﯾﮏ و ﻧﯿﻢ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻋﺒﺎرت از ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﻮﺗـﻪ، ﻃﻮل رﯾﺸﻪ، وزن ﺗﺎزه و ﺧﺸﮏ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ، وزن ﺗﺎزه و ﺧﺸﮏ رﯾﺸـﻪ، ﭘـﺮوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑـﺮگ ، ﻣﺤﺘـﻮاي ﻧﺴـﺒﯽ آب ﺑـﺮگ، ﮐﺎرﺗﻨﻮﺋﯿـﺪ، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿـﺖ
آﻧﺘﯽ اﮐﺴﯿﺪاﻧﯽ، ﻓﻨﻞ ﮐﻞ و ﻗﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ.
ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ آﺑﯿﺎري ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﻮﺗﻪ، ﻃﻮل رﯾﺸﻪ، وزن ﺗـﺮ ﮔﯿـﺎه، وزن ﺗـﺮ و ﺧﺸﮏ رﯾﺸﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. در ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان وزن ﺧﺸﮏ ﮔﯿﺎه )9/41 ﮔﺮم در ﮔﯿﺎه( و ﻃﻮل رﯾﺸﻪ )40/10 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ از ﺷﺶ و ﻧﻪ روز ﯾﮑﺒﺎر آﺑﯿﺎري ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﺛﺮ دور آﺑﯿﺎري در ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ 29/88 درﺻﺪي ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻧﺴﺒﯽ آب ﺑﺮگ و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ 69/29 درﺻﺪي ﭘﺮوﻟﯿﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻣﯿﺰان ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ آﻧﺘﯽ اﮐﺴﯿﺪاﻧﯽ و ﻗﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل در اﺛﺮ دور آﺑﯿـﺎري اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ و در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻮم آﺑﯿﺎري )ﻧﻪ روز ﯾﮑﺒﺎر آﺑﯿﺎري( ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 79/32 و 50/21 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﮔﺮم در ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻟﯿﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺧﻮد رﺳﯿﺪ. ﺗﯿﻤﺎر اﺳﯿﺪﻫﯿﻮﻣﯿﮏ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪه ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﮐﺎرﺗﻨﻮﺋﯿﺪ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري داﺷﺖ و اﯾﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ در 450 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﮔﺮم در ﻟﯿﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﺧﻮد رﺳﯿﺪ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻧﻪ روز ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎر آﺑﯿﺎري ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﭘﺎﺷﯽ ﺑﺎ 450 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﮔﺮم در ﻟﯿﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ 0/58 درﺻﺪي ﭘﺮوﻟﯿﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪم ﻣﺼﺮف آن در اﯾﻦ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ آﻧﺘﯽ اﮐﺴﯿﺪاﻧﯽ )82/67 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔـﺮم در ﯽ ﻟﯿﺘﺮ( از ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻮم دور آﺑﯿﺎري و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد 150 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم در ﻟﯿﺘﺮ اﺳﯿﺪﻫﯿﻮﻣﯿﮏ و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻗﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل )53/56 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم در ﮔﺮم( از ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻮم دور آﺑﯿﺎري و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد 300 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم در ﻟﯿﺘﺮاﺳﯿﺪﻫﯿﻮﻣﯿﮏ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ.
ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ آﺑﯿﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﯽ داري ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﯽ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﻮﺗﻪ، ﻃـﻮل رﯾﺸﻪ، وزن ﺗﺎزه و ﺧﺸﮏ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ، وزن ﺗﺎزه و ﺧﺸﮏ رﯾﺸﻪ و ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻧﺴﺒﯽ آب ﺑﺮگ، ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺻـﻔﺎت ﻧﻈﯿـﺮ ﭘﺮوﻟﯿﻦ، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ آﻧﺘﯽ اﮐﺴﯿﺪاﻧﯽ ، ﻓﻨﻞ ﮐﻞ و ﻗﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ. ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎل اﺳﯿﺪﻫﯿﻮﻣﯿﮏ از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺳـﺮﺧﺎرﮔﻞ در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺗـﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﮐﺮد و ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺧﺸﮑﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﮐﻠﯽ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ، ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد 300 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔـﺮم در ﻟﯿﺘﺮ اﺳﯿﺪﻫﯿﻮﻣﯿﮏ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ 9 روز ﯾﮑﺒﺎر آﺑﯿﺎري را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر از ﻟﺤﺎظ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ، زﯾﺮا ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼـﺮف ﮐﻤﺘـﺮ آب و اﺳﯿﺪﻫﯿﻮﻣﯿﮏ، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎن ﻣﯿﺰان ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ دارﻧﺪ، دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ.
چكيده لاتين :
Drought is one of the most important factors limiting the growth of plants around the world and the most common environmental stress. Considering the serious risk of drought and water scarcity, the use of appropriate methods to improve the negative effects of drought has attracted special interest. Recently, different types of organic acids have been widely used to improve the quality and quantity of crops and horticultural products. Due to the hormonal compounds, extremely low amounts of organic acids have significant effects on the improvement of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and the production and quality of agricultural products. In this regard, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals and the foliar application of humic acid on some morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of coneflower.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in the 2016-17 crop year with split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of the Baharan non-profit organization in Gorgan. The treatments were included four levels of irrigation intervals (including the irrigation every one, three, six and nine days) and four levels of humic acid foliar application (including 450, 300, 150 and 0 mg/L). The evaluated traits included fresh and dry weight of plant, fresh and dry weight of root, proline, relative water content (RWC) of leaves, antioxidant activity, total phenol and soluble sugar. After planting, growing and harvesting, the measurement of proline growth performance was done by the Bates method, total phenol by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, carotenoid by the Barnes method, and soluble sugar by the Omokolo method.
Results: The results showed that the increased levels of irrigation intervals caused a significant decrease in plant height, root length, fresh weight of plant, and fresh and dry weight of root, while the highest dry weight of the plant (9.41 g per plant) and root length (10.40 cm) was observed from the second and third levels of irrigation interval, respectively. Also, the effect of irrigation interval at the highest level resulted in 29.88% reduction in the relative water content of leaf and 69.29% increase in proline compared with the control. The level of antioxidant activity and soluble sugar was increased with the irrigation intervals, and at the third level of irrigation (irrigation every six days), it was at most 71.39 and 43.56 mg/mL, respectively. Humic acid treatment had a significant effect on all of the measured traits except carotenoid, and the effect reached to the maximum level at 450 mg/L. In the conditions of irrigation every nine days, the foliar application with 450 mg/L resulted in a 0.58% increase in proline compared with not to use it in this condition. The maximum level of antioxidant activity (82.67 mg/mL) from the third level of irrigation interval and application of 150 mg/L of humic acid and the highest level of soluble sugar (53.56 mg/g) from the third level of irrigation interval and application 300 mg/L of humic acid was observed.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that increasing the irrigation interval significantly reduced the morphological traits. In contrast, some traits such as proline, antioxidant activity, total phenol, and soluble sugar were increased. However, humic acid protects the coneflower plants from the drought stress and reduces the drought damage. In general, the results of this study introduced the foliar application of 300 mg/L of humic and every 9 days irrigiration as the best treatment, economically. Because with less water and humic acid can be reached to the same methabolites yield that higher levels of them.
