وضعيت حقوقي اسقاط حق ارث از سوي وراث

The legal status of waiving of the inheritance's right by the heirs

اﺳﻘﺎط ﻗﺮاردادي ﺣﻖ ارث از ﺳﻮي وراث از ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ اﻧﮕﻴﺰ در ﺣﻘﻮق ارث اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ وﺟﻮد رواج ﻋﺮﻓﻲ، در روﻳﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ اﻳﺮان ﻣﻮرد ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳـﺖ و ﻫﻤﻴﻦ اﻣـﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ آن را اﻳﺠﺎب ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ. ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎن ﺻﺤﺖ اﺳﻘﺎط ﻗﺮاردادي ﺣﻖ ارث ﻣﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺑﻮدن اﻳﻦ اﺳﻘﺎط، ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﻮدن اﻳﻦ ﺳﻠﺐ ﺣﻖ، ﺣﻜﻢ ﺑﻮدن ارث و ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ آن ﺑـﺎ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ و ﻋﺪم اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼف آن ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ را دﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻄﻼن اﺳﻘﺎط ﻗﺮاردادي ﺣﻖ ارث داﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ، ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﻜﻤﻲ و ﺣﻘـﻲ ارث و ﺗﻔﺼـﻴﻞﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎت ﻣﻮرث و وراث در ﺣﻖ ارث و ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺻﻞ آزادي ﻗﺮاردادﻫـﺎ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ در ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﻘﺎط ﻗﺮاردادي ﺣﻖ ارث از ﺳﻮي وراث رﻫﮕﺸﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ در ﺻﺪد اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ دﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎن اﺳﻘﺎط ﻗﺮاردادي ﺣـﻖ ارث از ﺳـﻮي وراث و ﻧﻘـﺪ آن ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻘﻮﻳـﺖ ﻣﺆﻳﺪات ﺻﺤﺖ اﻳﻦ اﺳﻘﺎط ﺑﭙﺮدازد و از ﺻﺤﺖ اﺳﻘﺎط ﻗﺮاردادي ﺣﻖ ارث از ﺳﻮي وراث در زﻣﺎن ﺣﻴﺎت ﻣﻮرث و ﭘﺲ از ﻓﻮت وي دﻓﺎع ﻛﻨﺪ.

Waiving of the inheritance's right is one of the discussible issues in the heritance despite that it is current but precedent believe that such waiving are void. Accordingly, study of the legal of status such waiving is necessary. Some prevents is said to validate of such agreements like that such waiving have no cause and that the inheritance is commandment, so it is irreversible and that it's rules relevant to public policy, so agreement contrary is void. But reviewing and rethinking on nature of the inheritance and differentiating between impact of commandment and impact of right, differentiating between legal actions by the devisor and legal actions by the heirs and the rule of contractual freedom indicate the validate of such agreements both in time of the devisor and after death of devisor.