تأثير كمپوست زباله شهري و كودهاي شيميايي بر عملكرد كمي و كيفي گندم آبي (.Triticum astivum L) رقم بهار

Effects of Municipal Solid Waste Compost and Chemical Fertilizers on Quantitative and Quilitative Yield of Irrigated Wheat (Triticum astivum L.) (var. Bahar)

با توجه به كمبود مواد آلي در خاك­ها و با هدف استفاده بهينه از كودهاي آلي و شيميايي براي دست­يابي به كشاورزي پايدار، آزمايشي به ­منظور بررسي تأثير كودهاي شيميايي و كود آلي كمپوست زباله شهري بر عملكرد كمّي وكيفي گندم (Triticum astivum L.) رقم بهار، با چهار سطح كودهاي شيميايي (بدون مصرف، سيستم رايج، بر اساس آناليز خاك و 25 درصد كم‌تر از آناليز خاك) و كمپوست زباله شهري در چهار سطح (0، 10 ، 20 و 30 تن بر هكتار) به‌صورت فاكتوريل و در قالب طرح بلوك­هاي كامل تصادفي در سه تكرار، در سال زراعي 93-1392 در كرمانشاه اجرا شد. نتايج حاصل از تجزيه واريانس نشان داد كه اثر اصلي مصرف كمپوست، كودهاي شيميايي و اثر برهم‌كنش آن‌ها روي صفات آزمايشي معني­ دار شد. در اين تحقيق كاربرد كودهاي شيميايي و كمپوست سبب افزايش معني ­دار عملكرد دانه، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد دانه در سنبله، ارتفاع گياه، تعداد پنجه در بوته، درصد پروتئين و غلظت عناصر غذايي در دانه گندم گرديد. مقايسه ميانگين اثر برهم‌كنش كودهاي شيميايي و كمپوست زباله شهري نشان داد با كاربرد تيمار 10 تن بر هكتار كمپوست و كودهاي شيميايي 25 درصد كم‌تر از آناليز خاك، بيش‌ترين عملكرد دانه (5900 كيلوگرم بر هكتار)، وزن هزار دانه (39 گرم)، تعداد دانه در سنبله (71)، درصد پروتئين (12/6) و غلظت عناصر غذايي در دانه به‌دست آمد و كم‌ترين ميزان صفات مورد بررسي در شاهد مشاهده گرديد. با توجه به نتايج به ­دست آمده و در نظر گرفتن مسائل زيست­ محيطي، كاربرد توأم 10 تن بر هكتار كمپوست و كودهاي شيميايي 25 درصد كم‌تر از آناليز خاك پيشنهاد مي­ شود.

Introduction Use of chemical fertilizers is an essential component of modern farming and about 50% of the world’s crop production can be attributed to fertilizer use. Sustainable production of crops cannot be maintained by using only chemical fertilizers and similarly it is not possible to obtain higher crop yield using organic manure alone. A balanced fertilization is needed to obtain optimum potential yield. The continuous imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers is creating complexity in our soils and the soil health is deteriorating. Application of municipal solid waste compost (MSW) is commonly applied to the soils to improve their physical, chemical and biological properties. Soil amendment with MSW is very useful for agricultural crop production. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world’s leading cereal crop both in area and production and about two-third of people of our planet live on it. It plays an important role in diet of human being as well as in industrial uses. The present study was conducted to better understand the effect of MSW and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of irrigated wheat in Kermanshah condition. Materials and Methods In order to study the effects of municipal solid waste compost (MSW) and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of Bahar wheat cultivar, a field experiment was conducted with chemical fertilizers at four levels (0, conventional farmers, based on soil test and 25% lower than the soil test), and MSW at four levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 ton.ha-1) in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications in Kermanshah region during 2014-2015.Prior to sowing, MSW and chemical fertilizers was applied and mixed thoroughly with the soil. Before planting, combined soil sample from a depth of 0–30 cm was collected to determine some soil chemical properties. Plots were designed with 4 ×4 m, 1 m apart from each other, 1.5 m alley was kept between blocks. Wheat seeds (var. Bahar) were planted 2.5 cm apart from each other. During the growth and development stages, plots were irrigated based on the crop water requirement. Irrigation method was sprinkler. Grain yield were determined after the harvest and seed samples (harvesting stage) were taken and rinsed with distilled water, oven dried at 70°C, ground, digested and analyzed for determining the N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd concentration. Analysis of variance was performed using MSTAT-C and mean comparisons done by Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05). Results and Discussion Results showed that MWS and chemical fertilizers and their interaction effects had significant effects on experimental traits. Using of MWS with chemical fertilizers led to increase plant height, 1000-grain weight, seed number per spike, grain yield, protein percent and nutrients concentration in grain. The results of means comparison showed that the highest grain yield (5900 kg.ha-1), 1000- seed weight (39 g), grain number per spike (71), protein percent (12.6) and nutrients concentration in grain was obtained under the co-application of 10 t.ha-1 MWS and chemical fertilizers (25 percent less than the soil test) and the lowest amounts of experimental traits were shown in control treatment. Our results are in agreement with some experiments which use of compost and chemical fertilizers on irrigated wheat. Conclusion The result of this experiment revealed that using of compost and chemical fertilizers in integrated form instead of individual application has a beneficial effect on improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of irrigated wheat. Based on the obtained results, co-application of 10 t.ha-1 compost and chemical fertilizers (25 percent less than the soil test) at Kermanshah condition can be recommended.