اثر ﺍﺯﺗﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮ ﮐﺮﻭﮐﻮﮐﻮﻡ (Azotobacter chroococcum) و گلوموس اينتراراديسز (Glomus intraradices) بر عملكرد، اجزاي عملكرد و جوانه‌زني بذرهاي حاصل تحت شرايط آبياري تكميلي در برخي ارقام گندم (Triticum aestivum L)

Effect of Azotobacter chroococcum and Glomus intraradices on Yield, Yield Components and Germination of Derived Seeds under Supplementary Irrigation in some of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties

كمبود آب در مراحل انتهايي رشد گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) منجر به توليد بذر بي‌كيفيت مي‌شود. كاربرد بي‌رويه كودهاي شيميايي آسيب‌هاي جدي به محيط زيست وارد مي‌كند. به‌منظور بررسي اثر باكتري ازتوباكتر ﮐﺮﻭﮐﻮﮐﻮﻡ (Azotobacter chroococcum) و قارچ ميكوريزا گلوموس اينتراراديسز (Glomus intraradices) بر عملكرد، اجزاي عملكرد ارقام گندم و جوانه ­زني بذرهاي حاصل تحت شرايط آبياري تكميلي، آزمايشي با سه تكرار به‌صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح پايه بلوك­هاي كامل تصادفي در ايستگاه تحقيقات كشاورزي گرگان (عراقي محله) در سال زراعي 1395-1394 اجرا گرديد. عوامل آزمايش شامل دو رقم گندم آبي (20-80-N و گنبد)، شش سطح تلقيح شامل (1) عدم تلقيح به‌عنوان شاهد، (2) تلقيح بذر با قارچ ميكوريزا گلوموس اينتراراديسز، (3) تلقيح بذر با باكتري سويه ازتوباكتر كروكوكوم (پودري)، (4) تلقيح با فرم مايع ازتوباكتر كروكوكوم، (5) تلقيح با سويه ازتوباكتر كروكوكوم (پودري) + گلوموس اينتراراديسز، (6) تلقيح با فرم مايع ازتوباكتر كروكوكوم + گلوموس اينتراراديسز) و سه سطح آبياري تكميلي (عدم آبياري، آبياري در مرحله آبستني و آبياري در مرحله گل‌دهي كامل) بود. در اين بررسي صفات عملكرد، اجزاي عملكرد و جوانه‌زني بذرهاي گندم حاصل مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. نتايج نشان داد كه تلقيح بذر ارقام گندم با تركيب توأم ازتوباكتر و ميكوريزا اثر معني‌داري روي عملكرد، اجزاي عملكرد و هم‌چنين بهبود مؤلفه ­هاي جوانه‌زني بذرهاي توليدي گندم داشت. بيش‌ترين عملكرد دانه (5987/33 كيلوگرم در هكتار) در بوته­ هاي حاصل از بذرهاي تلقيح شده با گلوموس اينتراراديسز + فرم مايع ازتوباكتر كروكوكوم تحت آبياري تكميلي در مرحله گل‌دهي كامل به‌دست آمد. رقم 20-80-N و تلقيح بذر با گلوموس اينتراراديسز + فرم مايع ازتوباكتر كروكوكوم با افزايش 10 درصدي نسبت به شاهد، بالاترين عملكرد دانه را به خود اختصاص داد. درصد و سرعت جوانه ­زني بذور ارقام گندم تحت تأثير آبياري تكميلي به‌طور قابل ملاحظه­ اي افزايش يافت. هم‌چنين تلقيح بذر گندم با كودهاي بيولوژيك سبب افزايش درصد جوانه ­زني بذور حاصل شد. به‌طوري‌كه بالاترين درصد جوانه ­زني در تيمار تلقيح بذر با گلوموس اينتراراديسز + فرم مايع ازتوباكتر كروكوكوم (75/95) حاصل شد. رقم 20-80-N در مقايسه با رقم گنبد نسبت به تلقيح بذر و آبياري تكميلي از نظر صفات مورد مطالعه پاسخ بهتري را از خود نشان داد.

Introduction Water shortage in terminal phases of wheat growth causes low-quality seeds in wheat. Extra use of chemical fertilizer has an adverse effect on the environment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is very important in Iran grown on 7 million ha of the total national cultivated; irrigated wheat farms accounting for 35% of the total wheat lands. It grows mainly during dry seasons, where irrigation is necessary because precipitation in the growing season is far less than the crop water requirement. Within the arid and semi-arid regions, water available is a major limitation for crop production. Wheat needs sufficient available water and nutrient to achieve optimum yields, quality, and adequate grain-protein content. In recent years, the water shortage has gradually increased in most of the countries mainly due to the annual increasing irrigation and dry climate. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of azotobacter and mycorrhiza fungus on yield and yield components of wheat varieties and quality of derived seeds under supplementary irrigation. The present study experiment was conducted as a factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research station of Gorgan (Iraqi Mahalle). Materials and Methods To evaluate the effect of azotobacter and mycorrihza application on yield, yield components and seed quality of wheat cultivars an experiment was carried out in the Research Station of Gorgan (Iraqi Mahalle). Experimental factors including two irrigated wheat varieties namely N-80-20 and Gonbad Cv., six levels of inoculations (1) non inoculated as control, (2) application of mycorrihza (G. intraradices), (3) inoculation with powdery A.chroococcum, (4) inoculation with liquid A.chroococcum, (5) inoculation with powdery A.chroococcum+G. intraradices, (6) inoculation with liquid A.chroococcum+G. intraradices, and three levels of supplementary irrigation (non-irrigated, irrigation at booting and irrigation at the full flowering stage). The studied traits were plant height, spike length, number of spikes, number of seed per spike, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, biologic yield, harvest index, seed germination percentage, seed germination rate, seedling length, seedling dry weight and length vigor index. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were performed using SPSS and STATISTICA software. The graphs were drawn by excel software. Results and Discussion Results revealed that inoculation of wheat varieties with a combination of azotobacter and mycorrihza induced seed yield and yield components increment as well as quality improvement of derived seeds. Supplementary irrigation at full flowering phase had more positive effects on traits of wheat varieties. Considering the investigated characteristics, N- 80-20 had a better response to seed inoculation and supplementary irrigation comparing to Gonbad cultivar. The maximum seed yield (5987.33 kg.ha-1) was achieved with the application of mycorrihza + liquid azotobacter under supplementary irrigation at full flowering phase of wheat growth. It seems that application of biological fertilizers and supplementary irrigation is an appropriate and low-cost method for increasing of yield and improvement of seed quality of wheat. Seed inoculation of N-80-20 cultivar with mycorrihza + liquied azotobacter was increased the seed yield 10 percentage compared to control condition. Seed germination percentage and rate of wheat cultivars under supplementary irrigation was significantly increased. The maximum seed germination percentage (95.7%) was observed with the application of mycorrihza + liquied azotobacter. N-80-20 in compared to Gonbad cultivar was demonstrated better response regarding studied traits. Conclusion According to the results, in order to increase seed yield and improving seed quality, inoculation of seeds with a joint combination of azotobacter and mycorrihza along with supplementary irrigation at the full flowering stage of wheat could be recommended.