كليدواژه :
معماري دوره‌ي هخامنشي , اندروني , شوش , تخت جمشيد , تچر , هديش
چكيده فارسي :
معماري دوره‌ي هخامنشي يكي از دوران درخشان معماري ايران زمين است. شوش و تخت جمشيد در كنار پاسارگاد در مقام مهمترين شهرهاي اين دوره، آثار شاخص معماري را در خود جاي داده‌اند. با استناد به كتيبه‌هاي برجاي مانده از دوره‌ي هخامنشي، تعداد قابل توجهي از آثار معماري موجود در محلهاي مذكور با نام مشخصي معرفي شدهاند. «تچر» و «هديش» از جمله‌ي اين نام‌ها هستند. به‌رغم انجام پژوهش‌هاي بسيار در اين باره، هنوز در علت نامگذاري و كاركرد عماراتي كه با نام تچر و هديش معرفي شدهاند؛ پرسش‌هاي زيادي مطرح است كه پاسخ درخوري نيافته‌اند. در اين پژوهش كه بر اساس روش از نوع تحقيقات تاريخي- توصيفي است، سعي بر آن است تا با استناد به قرائن تاريخي و ادبي و كنكاش در شواهد معماري و باستانشناختي به اين مهم پرداخته شود. نتايج تحقيق نشان مي‌دهد، عماراتي كه در كتيبه‌ها با نام تچر يا هديش خوانده شدهاند، ساختاري «درونگرا» داشته و به گونهاي طراحي شدهاند كه با فضاهاي عمومي كمترين وابستگي را داشته باشند. هديش/نشيمن يا «خديش» به معناي كدبانو و شهبانو با تچر/نهانخانه كاركرد برابري داشته است، به همين دليل، در كتيبه‌ها يا با هم و يا به‌جاي هم آمده‌اند. تچرها و هديش‌ها درواقع «شبستان‌هاي ويژه» و «اندرون» شاهنشاهان هخامنشي بوده‌اند.
چكيده لاتين :
Undoubtedly, Achamenid architecture is one of remarkable periods of Iranian architecture,
which is apparent in their three cities of Susa, Pasargadae, and Persepolis. Differently, some of the
structures have especial labels in inscriptions in Achamenid period. There are considerable numbers
of "Tachar" and "Hadish" in Susa and Persepolis, where Achamenid kings characteristically
used to call some structures. There have been various researches to recognize the architecture
of that era, with burdens of linguists to understand ancient Persian; however, there have not
been appropriate answers to raised questions, for which researchers have explained varieties of
reasons and definitions. Some functionally involved in the problem as such, while the others
only regard planning patterns. One of the researchers knows "Tachar" predecessor of "Tazar" of
modern Persian, while reasons southward plan of the structure accordingly; another one consider
"Tachar" as a single object and equals it to palace, at the same time, the other one knows it closet
or next house. Several researchers know "Hadish" as residence or home, while the others believe
it as predecessor of "Khadish" as dame or queen. However, there is lack comprehensive reasoning
on the subject, which is because of the lack of independent and holistic research. Here, there is an
attempt to investigate architectural plan of the structures in order to compare the structures to their
labels, and then investigate comprehensively the reason of naming. Methodologically, the paper
involves historically and descriptively in whatever data collected bibliographically. The basic
question is what is reasoned relation between function and label of the structures? Conclusions
indicate that buildings with "Tachar" in their inscriptions are structurally interiorized. However,
structural plan is unknown, in some cases, or with ambiguities, they have common structural
features. Several scholars suggest a seasonal function for the structures, but it is doubtful while
locating in the same climate, they face to north, south, and east. Few dictionaries suggest "treasure"
for the structures, which is compatible to interiority of the structure. "Hadish" is the ancient
Persian form of "Khadish" in Dari Persian as Deam or queen, which functionally is equal to
Tachar, accordingly, they usually come one after another in inscriptions. Hadish means residence
or seraglio, while Tachar means treasure or closet; they have similar implication and function.
That is the reason that both used in labeling structures that were residences or courts. Hadish is
functionally against Apadana; present paper suggests seraglio or sanctuary as the same function.
They were specially used for seclusion of kings or queens of the period, at the same time; it was
probably especial residence of the queen mother. Present paper indicates that northern half of the
Susa and Persepolis complexes worked as exterior and public part, while structure at southern
half, especially at western part of Persepolis, and several buildings of southern district worked as
seraglio for Achaemenid kings.
