پديد آورندگان :
سيدي، محمد دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد - دانشكده كشاورزي , رضواني مقدم، پرويز دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد - دانشكده كشاورزي , خواجه حسيني، محمد دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد - دانشكده كشاورزي , شاهنده، حميد دانشگاه تگزاس امريكا - گروه علوم خاك و گياه
كليدواژه :
باكتري تيوباسيلوس , درصد اسانس , درصد روغن , گوگرد , ورمي كمپوست
چكيده فارسي :
به‌منظور تأثير گوگرد و باكتري‌هاي اكسيد‌كننده گوگردي بر ميزان مصرف فسفر و تأثير آن بر عملكرد كمي و كيفي سياهدانه (Nigella sativa L) در خاك آهكي، آزمايشي در سال زراعي 92-1391 در مزرعه تحقيقاتي دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد به اجرا در آمد. اين مطالعه به‌صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح بلوك‌هاي كامل تصادفي با 12 تيمار و سه تكرار طراحي شد. چهار اصلاح‌كننده خاك آهكي (شاهد، ورمي‌كمپوست + باكتري تيوباسيلوس، گوگرد + باكتري تيوباسيلوس و ورمي‌كمپوست + گوگرد + باكتري تيوباسيلوس) و سه سطح كاربرد فسفر (صفر، 30 و 60 كيلوگرم در هكتار) به‌ترتيب به‌عنوان عامل اول و دوم آزمايش انتخاب شدند. بر اساس نتايج تجزيه واريانس، ارتفاع بوته، شاخص سطح برگ و وزن خشك بوته سياهدانه در مرحله گل‌دهي به‌طور معنيدار تحت تأثير اثر متقابل مقدار فسفر و اصلاح‌كننده هاي خاك قرار گرفتند. هم‌چنين اثر متقابل ذكر شده بر عملكرد دانه و عملكرد بيولوژيك سياهدانه معنيدار بود. در شرايط عدم كاربرد فسفر، نقش تيمار گوگرد + باكتري تيوباسيلوس در افزايش معني دار عملكرد دانه و عملكرد بيولوژيك سياهدانه بيش از كاربرد 30 و 60 كيلوگرم در هكتار فسفر به تنهايي بود. كاربرد ورمي‌كمپوست + باكتري تيوباسيلوس به تنهايي و يا همراه با گوگرد بيش‌ترين تأثير معني دار را در افزايش عملكرد دانه و بيولوژيك سياهدانه داشت. به‌طوري‌كه در نتيجه كاربرد تيمار ورمي‌كمپوست + باكتري تيوباسيلوس و نيز تيمار ورمي‌كمپوست + گوگرد + باكتري تيوباسيلوس، عملكرد دانه نسبت به تيمار شاهد به‌ترتيب تا 63/3 و 84/4 درصد افزايش يافت. در خاك هاي آهكي، اكسيداسيون بيولوژيكي گوگرد به تنهايي و يا همراه با كود ورمي‌كمپوست ميتواند به راهكاري مناسب جهت فراهمي بيش‌تر فسفر در خاك و افزايش عملكرد كمّي و كيفي سياهدانه مطرح باشد.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Phosphorus deficiency due to the chemical function of calcareous compounds is considered as one of the most
important problems in the sustainable nutrition of black seed (Nigella sativa L.), especially in arid and semi-arid
regions of Iran. Furthermore, low soil organic matter content in these areas can adversely affect phosphorus
availability and thus challenge the sustainable production of black seed. Accordingly, biochemical modification of
calcareous soils based on ecological approaches including biological sulfur oxidation or increased phosphorus
solubility by organic fertilizers, such as vermicompost, may alleviate these problems.
Materials and Methods
In order to some approaches for increasing the soil soluble phosphorus and its effects on quantitative and
qualitative yields of black seed in a calcareous soil, a field experiment was conducted at Faculty of Agriculture,
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in the growing years of 2010-2011. A complete randomized block design
based on the factorial arrangement with three replications and 12 treatments were used. The resources of soil
amendment (1- Control, 2- Vermicompost + Thiobacillus, 3- Sulfur + Thiobacillus and 4- Vermicompost + sulfur +
Thiobacillus) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 30 and 60 kg.ha-1) were the first and second experimental factors,
respectively. In order to evaluate the experimental treatments, plots were designed with 3 m long and 2 m width,
0.5 m apart from each other. To eliminate all influence of lateral effects, 1 m alley was kept between blocks.
Vermicompost (pH: 7.59, organic carbon: 34.76%, total nitrogen: 2.31%, and total phosphorus: 1.78%), sulfur
(along with Thiobacillus) and diammonium phosphate were incorporated into the soil before seed sowing. The
analysis of variance and the least significant difference test (LSD: 0.05) were performed using SAS 9.3 software
(SAS, 2011).
Results and Discussion
According to the results, the interaction effect of soil amendment × phosphorus rate on plant height, leaf area index
and plant dry weight of black seed was significant. Biological and grain yields of black seed notably affected by the
interaction between soil amendment × phosphorus rate. Based on our results, plant height significantly increased
with increasing levels of phosphorus fertilizer. In addition, phosphorus solubility due to sulfur + Thiobacillus
application considerably improved this index compared to control. From the results, grain and biological yields of
black seed by applying the sulfur + Thiobacillus treatment were considerably higher than phosphorus 30 or 60
kg.ha-1 treatments. The highest biological and grain yields of black seed were observed in vermicompost +
Thiobacillus or vermicompost + sulfur + Thiobacillus treatments. With applying the mentioned treatments, grain
yield of black seed were significantly increased (by 63.3 and 84.4%, respectively) compared to control treatment.
In general, optimal growth and yield of crops are dependent on balanced nutrient uptake. Given the positive
correlation between sulfur and nitrogen, as well as between phosphorus and nitrogen, the specific role of biological
sulfur oxidation combined with vermicompost can be due to increased phosphorus solubility in the soil and
ultimately facilitated uptake nitrogen. Conclusion
In alkali soils, biological sulfur oxidation individually or in combination with vermicompost treatment can be a
suitable approach to increase the soil soluble phosphorus and quantitative and qualitative yields of black seed. The
results also suggested that the application of phosphorus fertilizers in soils dominated by calcareous compounds
might have limited efficacy. As a result, the biochemical reactivity of Nigella plant to phosphorus uptake is
improved only in conditions where the rhizosphere can be balanced in terms of soil pH and phosphorus solubility.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the project by Vice President for Research and Technology,
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
