بررسي تغييرات كاربري اراضي با استفاده از روشهاي پيكسل پايه و شي گرا و تحليل اثرات تغيير كاربري ها بر فرسايش خاك (مطالعه موردي: شهرستان مراغه)

Investigation Land use change with Use of a Pixel-based method and Object-Oriented Method and Analysis of the Effect of Land Use Change on Soil Erosion (case Study of Maragheh County)

در اين تحقيق ، روش مبتني بر پيكسل‌پايه و روش مبتني بر شيءگرا در تهيه نقشه كاربري‌اراضي شهرستان مراغه با استفاده از تصاوير سنجنده ASTER در يك بازه زماني 17 ساله، از سال 2000 تا 2017 و تاثير تغييرات كاربري ها بر فرسايش، مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. ‌براي‌ مقايسه ‌عملي‌ نتايج،‌ د‌ر ‌هر ‌د‌و ‌روش‌ از‌د‌اد‌ه‌هاي‌ آموزشي‌ يكسان‌ براي‌ طبقه‌بندي‌ استفاد‌ه‌ گرد‌يد‌؛‌سپس ‌مهم‌ترين ‌روش‌هاي ‌ارزيابي ‌صحت‌ شامل‌ د‌قت‌كلي‌و‌ ضريب‌ كاپاي‌ طبقه‌بندي‌ استخراج‌ شد و مشخص شد كه نتيجه طبقه‌بندي به روش شيءگرا نسبت به روش حداكثرشباهت 3% نتايج بهتري ارائه مي‌دهد. بعد از طبقه‌بندي و مقايسه نقشه‌هاي استخراج شده، اقدام به آشكارسازي تغييرات حادث شده در اين بازه زماني شد و مشخص شد كه طبقات مرتع و باير داراي روند كاهشي و طبقات باغات متراكم و آب داراي روند افزايشي مي‌باشد. با توجه به نقشه­ هاي كاربري­هاي حاصل از دو روش طبقه ­بندي حداكثرشباهت و شيءگرا و مقايسه و تطبيق دادن اين نقشه ­ها با واقيت­هاي زميني، نتايج حاصل از روش طبقه­ بندي شيءگرا مورد تأييد قرار گرفت. با توجه به نتايج حاصل از مطالعه با روش شيءگرا در طي بازه­ي زماني مورد مطالعه در شهرستان مراغه كاربري‌هاي باغات متراكم، باغات‌كم‌تراكم، مسكوني، كشاورزي، صنعتي و ارتباطي در روش شيءگرا داراي افزايش، و كاربري‌هاي زراعي، مرتع، ديم و باير داراي كاهش مساحت بوده‌اند. كه اين امر بيانگر اهميت كشاورزي و باغداري در اين شهرستان مي‌باشد. با توجه به نتايج پهنه‌بندي خطر فرسايش سال 2000 به ترتيب 9/08 و 15/88 درصد و با توجه پهنه­بندي فرسايش 2017 به ترتيب 13/66و 29/76 درصد از مساحت شهرستان در دو طبقة بسيار پرخطر و پرخطر قرار دارند. هم‌چنين نتايج تحقيق نشان مي‌دهد كه در دوره ياد شده، ضمن افزايش كاربري باغات متراكم، باغات كم تراكم، مسكوني و صنعتي، تخريب و تبديل‌شدن اراضي مرتعي و اراضي ديم در سطح قابل توجهي صورت گرفته است كه نقش مهمي در افزايش آسيب‌پذيري منطقه مورد مطالعه در مقابل فرسايش خاك دارد.

Land use reflects the interactive characteristics of humans and the environment and describes how human exploitation works for one or more targets on the ground. Land use is usually defined on the basis of human use of the land, with an emphasis on the functional role of land in economic activities. In this research, a pixel-based method and object-oriented method for mapping the map of Maragheh city using ASTER sensor images in a 17-year time series were compared between 2000 and 2017. Also the effect of land use changes on erosion was studied. In order to compare the results, both methods used the same educational data for classification. Then, the most important methods for assessing accuracy including precision and kappa coefficient of classification were extracted, and it was determined that the result of the object-oriented classification was better than the 3% Offers. The increase in accuracy in a method based on object-oriented classification largely depends on choosing the appropriate parameters for classification, defining the rules, and applying the appropriate algorithm to obtain the degree of membership. After classifying and comparing the extracted maps, we attempted to reveal the changes that occurred during this period and it was determined, that the rangeland and Bayer classes have a decreasing trend and dense garden classes and water with increasing trend. According to the user-mapped maps of the two methods of maximum-likeness and object-oriented classification and comparison and adaptation of these maps with ground-based properties, the results of the object-oriented classification method were confirmed. According to the results of the study, with object-oriented method, in the Maragheh area, densely populated gardens, gardens, housing, housing, agriculture, industry, and communication in the object-oriented method have increased, and agronomic, pasture, dryland and Bayer uses Reduced area. This indicates the importance of agriculture and horticulture in this city. In 2000, 9.08 percent and 15.88 percent of study area are located in very high-risk and high-risk erodibility and these values for 2017 are 13.66 and 29.76 percent respectively. Also results showed that dense and low dense agricultural land, residential and industrial land use have been increased. The increase in accuracy in a method based on object-oriented classification largely depends on choosing the appropriate parameters for classification, defining the rules, and applying the appropriate algorithm to obtain the degree of membership. After classifying and comparing the extracted maps, we attempted to reveal the changes that occurred during this period and it was determined, that the rangeland and Bayer classes have a decreasing trend and dense garden classes and water with increasing trend. According to the user-mapped maps of the two methods of maximum-likeness and object-oriented classification and comparison and adaptation of these maps with ground-based properties, the results of the object-oriented classification method were confirmed. According to the results of the study, with object-oriented method, in the Maragheh area, densely populated gardens, gardens, housing, housing, agriculture, industry, and communication in the object-oriented method have increased, and agronomic, pasture, dryland and Bayer uses Reduced area. This indicates the importance of agriculture and horticulture in this city. In 2000, 9.08 percent and 15.88 percent of study area are located in very high-risk and high-risk erodibility and these values for 2017 are 13.66 and 29.76 percent respectively. Also results showed that dense and low dense agricultural land, residential and industrial land use have been increased. The increase in accuracy in a method based on object-oriented classification largely depends on choosing the appropriate parameters for classification, defining the rules, and applying the appropriate algorithm to obtain the degree of membership. After classifying and comparing the extracted maps, we attempted to reveal the changes that occurred during this period and it was determined, that the rangeland and Bayer classes have a decreasing trend and dense garden classes and water with increasing trend. According to the user-mapped maps of the two methods of maximum-likeness and object-oriented classification and comparison and adaptation of these maps with ground-based properties, the results of the object-oriented classification method were confirmed. According to the results of the study, with object-oriented method, in the Maragheh area, densely populated gardens, gardens, housing, housing, agriculture, industry, and communication in the object-oriented method have increased, and agronomic, pasture, dryland and Bayer uses Reduced area. This indicates the importance of agriculture and horticulture in this city. In 2000, 9.08 percent and 15.88 percent of study area are located in very high-risk and high-risk erodibility and these values for 2017 are 13.66 and 29.76 percent respectively. Also results showed that dense and low dense agricultural land, residential and industrial land use have been increased.