اثر رژيم‌هاي آبياري تنظيم‌شده بر ويژگي‌هاي رويشي، پومولوژيكي و عملكردي زيتون كنسرواليا در شرايط مزرعه

Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation Regime on Vegetative and Pomological Characteristics and Yield of Table Olive Konservolia Cultivar in Field Condition

اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺣﺴﺎس رﺷﺪي زﯾﺘﻮن در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ و ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ اﺛـﺮ ﺗـﻨﺶ ﮐـﻢ آﺑـﯽ ﺑـﺮ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي درﺧﺖ زﯾﺘﻮن رﻗﻢ ﮐﻨﺴﺮواﻟﯿﺎ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ در اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت زﯾﺘﻮن داﻻﻫﻮ ﻃﯽ ﺳـﺎل زراﻋـﯽ 1395- 94 13 اﺟﺮا ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. درﺧﺘﺎن 16 ﺳﺎﻟﻪ زﯾﺘﻮن رﻗﻢ ﮐﻨﺴﺮواﻟﯿﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺶ رژﯾﻢ آﺑﯿﺎري ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃـﺮح ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار ﺑﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم رﺳﯿﺪ. ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: آﺑﯿـ ﺎري ﺑـﻪ ﻣﯿـﺰان 100 درﺻـﺪ ﻧﯿـﺎز آﺑـﯽ درﺧﺘـﺎن ﺷﺎﻫﺪ(، آﺑﯿﺎري 25 درﺻﺪ در ﻃﻮل ﻣﺪت ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن ﻫﺴﺘﻪ و 100 درﺻﺪ در ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ رﺷﺪ ﻣﯿﻮه، آﺑﯿﺎري ﺑـﻪ ﻣﯿـﺰان 75 درﺻﺪ از ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل و 100 درﺻﺪ در ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ رﺷﺪ ﻣﯿﻮه، آﺑﯿﺎري ﻓﻘﻂ در ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﮔﻞ دﻫﯽ، ﺷﺮوع ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن ﻫﺴﺘﻪ و ﯾﮏ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل، آﺑﯿﺎري ﺑـﻪ ﻣﯿـﺰان 60 درﺻـﺪ ﻧﯿـﺎز آﺑـﯽ درﺧﺘﺎن زﯾﺘﻮن ﻃﯽ ﮐﻞ ﻓﺼﻞ و ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ دﯾﻢ، ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﭘﺲ از اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت روﯾﺸﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ رﺷﺪ و ﻗﻄـﺮ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪ ﺳﺎل ﺟﺎري، ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻣﯿﻮه ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ وزن ﻣﯿﻮه، ﻃﻮل ﻣﯿﻮه، ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﯿﻮه، وزن ﺗﺮ و ﺧﺸـﮏ ﮔﻮﺷـﺖ، درﺻـﺪ ﻣـﺎ ده ﺧﺸـﮏ، درﺻﺪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﯿﻮه، درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و ﮐﺎرآﯾﯽ ﻣﺼﺮف آب اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ آﺑﯿـﺎري ﺑـﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان 25 درﺻﺪ در ﻃﻮل ﻣﺪت ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﯿﻮه و روﻏﻦ، اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﯿﻮه و درﺻﺪ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﺷﺪ و آﺑﯿﺎري در ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ رﺷﺪي ﻣﯿﻮه و ﺗﯿﻤﺎر 60 درﺻﺪ آﺑﯿﺎري از ﻧﻈﺮ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﯿﻮه، وزن ﺗﺮ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﯿـﻮه و روﻏـﻦ در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎزده ﻣﺼﺮف آب در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر آﺑﯿﺎري در ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ رﺷﺪي ﻣﯿﻮه و ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﺴﺮ آﺑﯿﺎري در ﻃﻮل ﻣـﺪت ﺳـﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از آﺑﯿﺎري ﮐﺎﻣﻞ و دﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان آن ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿـﺐ 14/30 و 4/29 ﮐﯿﻠـﻮ ﮔﺮم ﺑـﺮ ﻣﺘـﺮ ﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﮐﻢ آﺑﯿﺎري در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻔـﯽ ﺑـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑـﺮد ﮐـﻞ، سبب اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﻣﺼﺮف آب در زﯾﺘﻮن رﻗﻢ ﮐﻨﺴﺮواﻟﯿﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the every green trees that tolerance to Drought. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean area, so understanding the mechanisms by which olive plants face drought stress under environmental conditions is essential for the improvement of olive yield and oil quality. Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the fruit trees which become important in the Iranian fruit industry at the near future. It seems that olive tree has potential for resistance to drought conditions of semi-arid regions of Iran. There is a high production potential for olive tree in many regions of Iran. Regulated deficit irrigation is an optimizing strategy under which crops are allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. During regulated deficit irrigation the crop is exposed to certain level of water stress either during a particular period or throughout the growing season. The main objective deficit irrigation of is to increase water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop by eliminating irrigations that have little impact on yield, and to improve control of vegetative growth (improve fruit size and quality). The resulting yield reduction may be small compared with the benefits gained through diverting the saved water to irrigate other crops for which water would normally be insufficient under conventional irrigation practices. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation regime on vegetative and pomological characteristics and yield of table olive konservolia cultivar in field condition. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in Dallaho Olive Research Station (Geographical characters was longitude of 45˚, 51΄ E and latitude of 34˚, 30΄ N and the height of sea level 581m) located in Kermanshah province. An experiment was used based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Adult table olive Konservolia cultivar was uesd. Each experiment unit consists of Three trees. Vegetative and reproductive traits were evaluated according to I.O.O.C. descriptors. Six irrigation regimes including of full irrigation (as control), regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing season plus 25% irrigation during pit hardening, regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing season plus 75% irrigation from Start pit hardening to harvesting), irrigation in three stage (before flowering, pit hardening and before Harvesting , 60% of full irrigation (continuous deficit irrigation) and no irrigation (Rainfed). To elevate the effect of irrigation regimes, some growth vegetative traits measured at the end of growth season including current-season shoot growth and current-season shoot diameter as well as some fruit traits including fruit and oil yield, fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent, pulp percent were measured. Collected data were analyzed with SAS program. Results Obtained results showed that the highest fruit yield, oil yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, pulp percent were observed at full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing season plus 25% irrigation during pit hardening, but the lowest one found at Rainfed. There was no significant difference between deficit irrigation in three stage and 60% of full irrigation (continuous deficit irrigation) in fruit yield, oil yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight. The water use efficiency of fruit yield of T4 and T2 was higher than 100ETc and other treatments. Overall, the results showed that RDI during fruit pit hardening could increased water use efficiency, whitout reduce fruit yield, oil yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter and pulp fresh and dry weight. Discussion In the arid and semi arid as well as sub-tropical regions, water shortage is a normal phenomenon and seriously limits the agricultural potential.Therefore, under irrigation or rain-fed conditions, it is important for the available water to be used in the most efficient way. Regulated deficit irrigation is an optimizing strategy under which crops are allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. During regulated deficit irrigation the crop is exposed to certain level of water stress either during a particular period or throughout the growing season. The main objective deficit irrigation of is to increase water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop by eliminating irrigations that have little impact on yield, and to improve control of vegetative growth (improve fruit size and quality). According to the results of this research, it can be concluded thatthat RDI during fruit pit hardening could increased water use efficiency, whitout reduce fruit yield, oil yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight.