بررسي تركيب شيميايي و شناسايي منشأ ذرات معلق (PM10) با استفاده از روش فاكتور غني سازي (مطالعۀ موردي: شهر كرمانشاه)

Investigation of Chemical Composition and Source Identification of PM10 Aerosols using Enrichment Factor (Case Study Area: City of Kermanshah)

ﯾﮑﯽ از ﭘﺪﯾﺪهﻫﺎي ﺟﻮي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸـــﮏ و ﻧﯿﻤﻪﺧﺸـــﮏ و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻫﻢﺟﻮار ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ، ﭘﺪﯾﺪة ﮔﺮد و ﺧﺎك و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ )PM10( اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات زﯾﺴﺖﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ زﯾﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه دارد. ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ در ذراتﻣﻌﻠﻖ در اﺗﻤﺴــﻔﺮ ﺷــﻬﺮ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸــﺎه ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷــﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺷــﻨﺎﺳــﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻨﺸــﺄ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و اﻧﺴــﺎﻧﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻــﺮ در ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ از روش ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر ﻏﻨﯽﺳﺎزي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪهاﺳﺖ. ردﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺧﻄﻮط ﻫﻢ ارﺗﻔﺎع در ﺳﻄﺢ 500 ﻫﮑﺘﻮﭘﺎﺳﮑﺎل اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺮاي 20 ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻪوﺳﯿﻠﮥ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ICP-OES ﻣﻮرد آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮي ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ آﻫﻦ، ﭘﺘﺎ ﺳﯿﻢ، ﮐﻠ ﺴﯿﻢ، ﺳﻠﻨﯿﻮم، آر ﺳﻨﯿﮏ، ﮐﺒﺎﻟﺖ، ﻓ ﺴﻔﺮ، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ و ﺳﺪﯾﻢ داراي ﻣﯿﺰان ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر ﻏﻨﯽ ﺳﺎزي ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺪ، ﮐﻪ ﻧ ﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪة آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ از ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ 84% از ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﮐﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪاي ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﻨﻨﺪة اﺻﻠﯽ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ در PM10 در اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿ ﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻏﺮب اﯾﺮان در درﺟﮥ اول ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻏﺮب ﺗﺎ ﺷﺮق ﻋﺮاق و ﭘﺲ از آن ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب ﺗﺎ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق اردن، ﺷﺮق ﺗﺎ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ و ﺷﺮق ﺗﺎ ﻏﺮب درﯾﺎي ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﻪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ ﻋﺮاق و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻫﻢﺟﻮار ﺑﺎ آن ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ در اﯾﺠﺎد ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ )ﮔﺮدوﻏﺒﺎر( در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ دارا ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.

One of atmospheric phenomena of dry and semi-dry areas and areas adjacent to these areas is the phenomenon of dust and production of particulate matter (PM10) that have many environmental hazards. The purpose of this research is determination of chemical composition and source identification of elements in aerosols in city of Kermanshah. Enrichment factor are used to identify natural and anthropogenic sources of these elements in aerosols. Tracing of sreams is performed using contour line in level of 500hpa . Samples of aerosols is analyzed for 20 elements by ICP-OES. According to this study, The elements such as iron, potassium, calcium, selenium, arsenic, cobalt, phosphorus, magnesium and sodium have low EF- values, this indicates that these elements have originated from the crust. These elements account for 84% of the total concentration of elements. This shows that crustal elements are the main contributor to the elements in PM10 in the Kermanshah atmosphere. The results of this research show that the most frequent pass of streams to west Iran; west to east of Iraq is in the first rank, then, westnorth to eastnorth of Jordan, east to westsouth of Syria and east to west of Mediterranean. Therefore, it can be stated that Iraq and its neighboring regions have important role in production of aerosols.