طرح‌هاي مرتعداري و سلامت مرتع (مطالعۀ موردي: مراتع شهرستان تربت‌حيدريه)

Rangeland management plans and rangeland health (Case Study: Rangelands of Torbat-e-Heydarieh)

ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮔﻮ ﺷﺖ، ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ، آب و ﺧﺎك ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ در اﻗﺘ ﺼﺎد ﮐ ﺸﻮر ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ا ﺳﺖ، وﻟﯽ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداران و ﺗﻌﺪاد دام در ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﺗﻮازن ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و ﺑﺮداﺷــﺖ را از ﻣﯿﺎن ﺑﺮده اﺳــﺖ. ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از روﻧﺪ ﺻــﻌﻮدي ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ و اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮحﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻊداري ﺷـــﺪه اﺳـــﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮحﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري ﺑﺮ ﺷـــﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ، و ﺿﻌﯿﺖ، ﮔﺮاﯾﺶ ﻣﺮﺗﻊ، ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و در ﺻﺪ ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮ ﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ در ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﺗﻊ داراي ﻃﺮح ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري )ﺗﺠﺮود، ﺳﻨﮕﻞ آﺑﺎد، ﻋﻠﯽ آﺑﺎد، ﮔﺮﻣﺎب و دوﭼﺎﻫﯽ( واﻗﻊ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﺮﺑﺖ ﺣﯿﺪرﯾﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﭘﺲ از اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﮐﻮر در داﺧﻞ ﻃﺮحﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻊداري )ﺗﯿﻤﺎر( و ﺳــﺎﯾﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺎور آن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷــﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده آزﻣﻮن ﺗﯽ اﺳــﺘﯿﻮدﻧﺖ دادهﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ آﻣﺎري ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﮥ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ درﺻﺪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ درﺻﺪ ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ داراي ﻃﺮح ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺰان 51/64 درﺻﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻃﺮح ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺰان 47/5 درﺻﺪ داراي ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮐﻞ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار در ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻨﺞ درﺻﺪ ﻫﺴﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﯽ رﻏﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻮدن ﻋﺪدي ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ داراي ﻃﺮح )73/08 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻫﮑﺘﺎر( ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻃﺮح )67/99(، ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﺸــﺪ. ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ اﻣﺘﯿﺎز ﻧﻤﺮه وﺿــﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ داﺧﻞ ﻃﺮح )27/4( و ﺧﺎرج ﻃﺮح )23/4( از ﻟﺤﺎظ آﻣﺎري ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ. اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري در ﺳﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ )ﺗﺠﺮود، ﺳﻨﮕﻞ آﺑﺎد و ﻋﻠﯽ آﺑﺎد( از ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮔﺮاﯾﺶ ﻣﺮﺗﻊ از ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري ﺳــﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار ﺷــﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻨﯽ ﺷــﺎﻧﻮن-وﯾﻨﺮ و ﯾﮑﻨﻮاﺧﺘﯽ ﺳﯿﻤﭙﺴﻮن در داﺧﻞ ﻃﺮح ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ وﻟﯽ اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري در ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻏﻨﺎي ﻣﺎرﮔﺎﻟﻒ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮحﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﻊ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ از ﻟﺤﺎظ آﻣﺎري اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﻧﺪاﺷـﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ وﻟﯽ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻋﺪدي ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼـﺎص داده اﺳـﺖ. از ﺑﯿﻦ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع، ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﻧﻮن-وﯾﻨﺮ و ﺳﯿﭙﻤﺴﻮن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و در ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﮐﻠﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﻃﺮحرﯾﺰي و اﺟﺮا و ﻧﻈﺎرت ﻃﺮحﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري ﺑﺎ دﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﯿﺮد ﺗﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ اﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻃﺮحﻫﺎ ﺑﻮد.

Rangelands as a source of meat, forage, water and soil play a significant role in the country's economy, but the increase in the number of livestock and livestock in the rangelands has eliminated the balance between production and harvest. In this research, the effect of rangeland projects on various indices such as plant diversity, condition, rangeland trend, production and canopy cover percentage in five rangeland (Tajrud, Sangolabad, Ali Abad, Garmab and Dochahi) located in Torbat Heydarieh county has been investigated. For this purpose, after measuring the mentioned indices in the rangelands (treatment) and their adjacent sites as a control, statistical analysis were performed using t-test. The results of the comparison of the mean vegetation percentage indicate that the canopy cover percentage of the planted area with the rate of 51/64% is higher than the ungraded area with a rate of 47.5% with a significant canopy at 5%. Also, despite the high number of production in the area with a plot (73.08 kg / ha), compared to the area without design (67/99), this difference is not significant. The average score of the score for the area inside the project (27.4) and outside the plan (23.4) are not statistically significant with each other. The implementation of rangelands in three regions from all five regions has been proven to negatively affect rangeland tendency. Also, the implementation of the rangeland scheme has significantly increased the Shannon-Wiener heterogeneity indices and Simpson's uniformity in the design, rangeland has not changed significantly in the Margalaf richness index.