اوصاف اختصاصي وصي از ديدگاه مذاهب خمسه و حقوق

Specific Executor Traits in the Iranian Law and the Islamic Jurisprudence

صاحب‌نظران براي وصي شرايط و اوصافي در نظر گرفتند. از جمله اين شرايط مي‌توان به اهليت و كمال، كفايت و قدرت، بينايي و شنوايي، اسلام، عدالت، امانت و وثاقت، حريت و ذكوريت اشاره كرد. وجود برخي از شرايط مذكور (شرايط عمومي قراردادها) در ساير اعمال حقوقي نيز الزاميست اما دسته‌اي ديگر از شرايط مانند اسلام، عدالت و ذكوريت، به دليل وضعيت خاص نهاد وصايت فقط در مورد وصي مطرح شده‌اند كه پذيرش اشتراط اوصاف خاص براي وصي در مقام عمل آثاري زيادي دارد. لذا ضروريست كه در قالب يك بحث منسجم به آن پرداخته شود. از بررسي آراي مختلف اين مطلب استنتاج مي‌شود كه وصي بايد امين باشد و فقدان وصف عدالت و ذكوريت به وصايت آسيبي وارد نمي‌آورد و شرط اسلام نيز جز در برخي موارد خاص، نمي­ تواند به عنوان شرط كلي براي احراز سمت وصايت شرط باشد.

The will is a kind of legal-social entity and one of the most widely used and important subjects in Islamic jurisprudence, which has been advocated and emphasized by the Islamic religion and has been discussed repeatedly by jurists and lawyers. But over time, new issues have arisen about this legal-juridical institution that needs to be further explored, while Iran's law has not discussed expeditiously, contrary to Islamic jurisprudence, and this abbreviation has led to the creation of many ambiguities that unfortunately have not been answered by lawyers. The specificity of Wills institution; in view of the fact that the beginning of the testator assignment is related to the time after the death of testator, and at that time there is no longer any time in which to decide on the issues of authority in the task of determining and deciding; caused doubling the importance and necessity of the discussion about the assignment of these ambiguities. In the present study, the traits and requirements for the executor will be known and different views will be examined in this regard, after which the guarantee for the lack of necessary conditions and the valid time for having them, will be determined. Eventually the result of the research is that in addition to the general conditions, the executor must be sure and trustworthy and, in some cases, be Muslim, and the existence of other conditions in him (except in the manner specified by testator) is not necessary.