نظريه جهان سخت: نگاهي نو به عملكرد مغز و نقش آميگدال در اختلالات طيف اوتيسم

Intense World Theory: New Perspective in Brain's Function and the Role of Amygdala in Autism Spectrum Disorder

ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ: در اﺧﺘﻼﻻت ﻃﯿﻒ اوﺗﯿﺴﻢ، ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻘﺎﯾﺺ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﻢ-ﮐﻨﺸﻮري در ﻟﻮب ﻓﺮوﻧﺘﺎل ﯾﺎ ﻫﯿﭙﻮﮐﺎﻣﭗ و آﻣﯿﮕﺪال ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﺎﻻ-ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﯾﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدي ﻣﻐﺰي ﻣﻮردﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺌﻮري ذﻫﻦ ﯾﺎ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ ﺑﻮده اﻣﺎ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ در ﺣﻮزه ﻧﻮرورﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژي و ﻋﻠﻮم اﻋﺼﺎب اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت را ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﮐﺸﯿﺪه و زﯾﺮﺑﻨﺎي اراﺋﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺟﻬﺎن ﺳﺨﺖ از ﻫﻨﺮي ﻣﺎرﮐﺮام در ﺳﺎل 2007 ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﺳﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ اﺧﺘﻼل، ﺑﯿﺶ-ﮐﻨﺸﻮري، ﺑﯿﺶ-اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﯾﺮي و ﺑﯿﺶ-واﮐﻨﺶ ﭘﺬﯾﺮي در ﯾﮏ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ-ﺑﺎﻻ در رﯾﺰﻣﺪارﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﺰي اﺳﺖ. در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ، ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ و ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎ و اﻧﺘﻘﺎدات ﭘﯿﺶ روي آن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: آﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﯾﺠﺎد ﮔﺴﺘﺮه ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎي زﯾﺮﺑﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻐﺰي، ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ زودﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﺧﺘﻼل و ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدﻫﺎي درﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﺎرآﻣﺪ در ﺣﻮزه ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ، رواﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﻮد.

In Autism Spectrum Disorder, the role of functional deficit like hypo-functionality in Frontal lobe, Hippocampus, Amygdala with top-down control hypothesis or reduced functional connectivity has been considered by theories like theory of mind or executive function theory. But new findings in the fields of neurobiology and neuroscience have challenged these theories and these lead to a new theory that was introduced by Hennry Markram in 2007. This theory is presented as Intense World Theory. Markram believes that hyper-functionality, hyper-reactivity and Hyper-plasticity in brain's microcircuits with a down-up pathway is the basis of Autism. Conclusion In this study various aspects of intense world theory, empirical evidence, and challenges and criticisms of this theory are discussed. In addition to creating a new research scope and paying attention to the underlying mechanisms of the brain, this review may lead to early diagnosis of disorder and effective therapeutic procedure in the medical, psychological and other fields.