چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Landslide as a morphological risk factor is the result of the operation of natural and environmental
factors that, like other morphological irregularities, causes damage to human facilities, infrastructure,
and property. One of the most significant works of geomorphology is the identification of stable
landforms and places with minimal potential for catastrophic or lethal phenomena caused by
environmental processes that have a detrimental effect on humans and their affinities (Rosenfeld,
2004, p. 423). Mass movements in mountainous areas are one of the natural processes and one of the
most important causes of landscapes (Van Westen, 1993, p. 2) Landslide sensitivity zoning is one of
the essential tools in risk management and decision making (Dahal, 2008, p 496). The purpose of this
study is to identify landslide hazard zones in the downstream basins of Sanandaj Dam with an area of
970 km2. Annually, mass movements in the area cause damage to roads, power lines, rangelands and
natural resources, farms and residential areas and increase the amount of soil erosion in the area. This
basin is located on Sanandaj-Sirjan structural zone based on common structural divisions of Iran.
Kurdistan mainly with mountainous topography, high tectonic activity, diverse geological and
climatic conditions, has the major natural conditions for creating a wide range of mass movements.
According to available statistics and also the research of MIRSANIE et al (2006), Kurdistan province
is the third most landslide province after Mazandaran and Golestan. If it is a criterion for the ranking
of the provinces, it will be ranked higher. NAIRI and KARAMI, 2018).
2- Methodology
In this study, in order to map the landslide hazard according to geological, geomorphological,
hydrological, climatic and human and environmental factors of the area, 9 effective factors include
slope, slope direction, distance from fault, distance from road, distance from Waterways, lithology,
land use and precipitation were identified and evaluated. The required information layers were then
prepared in Arc GIS 10.6 software environment. The first step in zoning is to identify the landslides
that have occurred in the area. Using the 2016 Landsat 8 ETM + satellite imagery with a spatial
resolution of 30 meters, Google Earth software and field studies identified 237 landslides. In this
study, 89 non-slip points were prepared for using in training and testing stages of perceptron neural
network in slopes of less than 5 degrees. Artificial neural networks have been created from a number
of limitations of advanced content management services to the top walkway called Neuron, which
works for problem solvers and can select information through synapses. Neural networks begin to
learn using the data pattern entered into them. The learning of models, which in fact determine their
internal parameters, is based on the error correction law, which is the generalization of the wellknown least squares method. In fact, in this method, by regularly correcting the error, the best
weights that provide the most accurate output for the network are identified. The neurons fall into the
input layer, the output layer, and the hidden or middle layer.
3- Results
By default, the software was selected to prevent interference and capture of the hidden layer. 70%
of landslides in the study area were used to train the neural network and the remaining 30% were
used as reference land data for testing and calibrating the model. Data were trained using a multilayer
perceptron network with Adam's learning algorithm. In this study, a network search algorithm was
used to optimize and adjust neural network meta-parameters. Because of nonlinear relationships in
landslide phenomenon, relu transfer functions were used. The coefficient of learning that controls the
amount of weight change is 0.01. The final network structure has 9 neurons in the input layer, 30
neurons in the hidden layer and 1 neuron in the output layer. After preparing the neural network, the
study area was analyzed with 970 square kilometers with 9 input variables that were converted to
raster data in 30 x 30 pixels. The results of the analysis were plotted with five categories of landslide
hazard. It uses 5 methods for model error detection
4- Discussion & Conclusions
The downstream area of Sanandaj Dam is one of the most active areas of Kurdistan province in
terms of human activities. In the risk zoning maps, the optimal areas for human activities (very low
and low risk areas) as well as the unfavorable areas (high and very high-risk areas) are identified.
According to the neural network model, about 31% are in the range of desirable areas for human
activity. Also, about 39% are in the area of undesirable and very undesirable areas. The natural
features of the region affect the occurrence of landslides in the region. The results of the neural
network model are in line with the realities of the region's wide-risk hazards, and high-risk areas are
often located in the west and southwest of the basin. These areas correspond to the mountain unit and
the steep slope. The western outskirts of Sanandaj have been affected by landslides and have been
classified as high-risk and high-risk. The central and southern parts of the basin are arranged along
the Qashlaq River to the exit of the basin in the areas with very low and low risk. The eastern part of
the basin is affected by mass movements, especially precipitation and inflows, and is divided into
areas with medium to high risk. The results of risk zoning validation show that in this region, the
neural network model with 91.49% accuracy has very good accuracy. It is suggested that the
resulting map be considered as a base map in order to carry out any executive actions in the area. The
vastness of unfavorable areas in the basin indicates that the study area in general has a high potential
for landslides.
