پديد آورندگان :
دمهري، فرنگيس دانشگاه علم و هنر يزد - گروه روانشناسي , سعيدمنش، محسن دانشگاه علم و هنر يزد - گروه روانشناسي , رزبان، شهرزاد دانشگاه علم و هنر يزد
چكيده فارسي :
زمينه و هدف
تقريبا بيشتر والدين با غذاخوردن فرزندشان مشكل پيدا مي كنند. در بين ناهنجاري هاي رفتاري كودكان مي توان به مشكل هاي رفتاري آن ها هنگام صرف غذا اشاره كرد. بر اين اساس هدف از اين پژوهش بررسي اثربخشي هنردرماني با رويكرد نقاشي بر مشكل هاي رفتار خوردن و ناسازگاري كودكان شهر ملاير بود.
روش بررسي
پژوهش حاضر نيمه آزمايشي با طرح پيش آزمون پس آزمون با گروه كنترل بود. جامعه آماري اين مطالعه را تمامي كودكان 4تا6ساله شهر ملاير تشكيل دادند كه با روش نمونه گيري خوشه اي تصادفي از بين پنج مهدكودك و پيش دبستاني، سي كودك داراي مشكل رفتار خوردن و ناسازگار به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده و به طور تصادفي در دو گروه 15نفره قرار گرفتند. ابزارهاي استفاده شده در اين پژوهش پرسشنامه ارزيابي رفتاري راتر-فرم والدين (1979) و پرسشنامه رفتار خوردن كودكان CEBI (1990) بودند. پس از اجراي پيش آزمون، براي آزمودني هاي گروه آزمايش در هشت جلسه 30تا45دقيقه اي و دو بار در هفته، برنامه هنردرماني صورت گرفت و بعد از اتمام آن در هر دو گروه آزمايش و كنترل، پس آزمون انجام شد. به منظور تحليل داده ها از روش تحليل كواريانس، با درنظرگرفتن سطح معنا داري 0٫05، استفاده گرديد.
يافته ها
نتايج پژوهش نشان داد مشكل هاي غذاخوردن كودكان تحت مداخله به طور معناداري كاهش يافته (0٫001≥p) و رفتارهاي سازگاري آن ها (0٫001≥p) افزايش داشته است.
نتيجه گيري
برمبناي نتايج اين پژوهش مي توان به مادراني كه فرزندشان داراي مشكل غذاخوردن است، توصيه كرد از روش هنردرماني براي بهبود مشكل هاي رفتار خوردن و كاهش رفتارهاي ناسازگاري آن ها استفاده كنند.
چكيده لاتين :
Background & Objective: Prevalence of childhood eating problems is far from being described in preadolescence.
A range of eating behavior problems has been described in preadolescence. However, knowledge of the
development and course of these problems are not understood. Because eating pathology most commonly emerges
in adolescence, the preadolescent years may be a particular key-development period of interest in relation to the
development of eating behavior problems. Parents have challenges on their children’s eating behaviors. One
important determinate of children’s eating behaviors is the feeding practices that parent’s use. Among the behavioral
abnormalities of children, one can point out their behavioral problems during meals. Accordingly, the purpose of
this study was to investigate the effectiveness of art therapy based on painting approach on eating and maladaptation
problems in children. The items can be grouped into two broad categories: items pertaining to the child and items
pertaining to assess food preferences, motor skills, and behavioral compliance. The items in the parent domain are
indented to assess parental child behavior controls, cognitions and feeling about feeding one’s child and interaction
between family members.
Methods: The research was semi-experimental (post-test pretest with control group). The statistical population of
this study was on 4-6 year-old children. Using randomized cluster sampling from 5 kindergartens and preschool
children from Malayer city (Hamedan province, west of Iran), 30 children with behavioral and incompatible
problems were selected as sample and randomly selected in two groups (15 children in experimental group and 15
children in control group). The instrument used was Rutter's parent behavioral assessment questionnaire (1979) and
the child behavioral eating inventory (CEBI, 1990). The Rutter’s parent behavioral assessment assesses four
dimensions of anxiety and depression, antisocial behaviors, social incompatibility and hyperactivity, a lack of
attention, which includes 31 questions. The CEBI is a parent- report instrument that conceptually derived from a
transactional/ systemic approach to childhood eating and mealtime problems. The CEBI has 40 items. The
intervention program (art therapy) was run in accordance with a protocol at 8 sessions of 45-30 minutes and twice
a week. Art therapy was one-to-one. Although in one of the schools it was also offered in a small, closed group, all
the children spoke only about one-to-one art therapy. The art therapist met with parents and teacher first to obtain
their understandings of the child’s difficulties, and to enquire about developmental history, sources of resilience in
the child and family, and any traumatic events. Engagement in art or other activities together that had a creative
element, such as play, gardening or choosing clothes, may be enquired about. The art therapist then met with the
child to talk about what difficulties therapist and child might work on together, explain how making art may help
the child to talk about and understand difficult feelings, and explain about confidentiality.
Results: Covariance analysis showed a significant difference between the mean scores of pre-test and post-test in
both experimental and control groups. Finding was for eating disorders (F₌201.146, p≤0.001) and for maladaptive
problems (F₌50.38, p≤0.001).
Conclusion: Therapeutic painting program was effective in reducing the eating disorder also the results of the
findings showed that art therapy with a painting approach was effective in improving the compatibility of children
with eating behavior problems. Compliance problems in these children were behaviors such as excessive extortion,
repetitive behavioral habits, and turbulent mood. On the other hand, art is like a behavioral exercise that teaches
children how to recognize their emotions in different situations and use them to adapt to those learned skills.
