بررسي تاثير وضعيت هم ريشگي بر توانايي هاي ناميدن افعال در افراد دوزبانه كرد-فارس

Cognate Status on Kurdish–Persian Bilingual Individuals’ Ability to Retrieve Cognate and Non–Cognate Verbs

زمينه و هدف هم اكنون بيش از نيمي از مردم جهان دوزبانه يا چندزبانه هستند و در جامعه امروز دوزبانگي قاعده شناخته مي شود نه استثنا. محيط دوزبانه تاثير عميقي بر رشد زباني و شناختي و اجتماعي افراد مي گذارد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي اثر وضعيت هم ريشگي بر توانايي هايي ناميدن افراد دوزبانه و درنهايت رسيدن به مدل يا فرضيه اي بود كه بازيابي واژگان در افراد دوزبانه را تبيين كند. روش بررسي اين مطالعه يك پژوهش توصيفي تحليلي بود. جامعه مطالعه شده آن را تمامي افراد دوزبانه كرد-فارس سالم استان كردستان تشكيل دادند. نمونه گيري به صورت دردسترس انجام شد. افراد پس از پركردن پرسشنامه مربوط به مهارت و تجربه زباني، نسخه اصلي آزمون ناميدن تصاوير افعال فارسي را با استفاده از نرم افزار DMDX، در دو زبان كردي و فارسي، با فاصله زماني هفت روز انجام دادند. جهت تجزيه وتحليل داده ها از آزمون هاي تي زوجي، تي مستقل، همبستگي پيرسون و اسپيرمن و نرم افزار SPSS استفاده شد. يافته ها نتايج پژوهش نشان داد در افراد دوزبانه، سرعت و صحت ناميدن افعال هم ريشه به طور معناداري بيشتر از افعال غيرهم ريشه در هر دو زبان بوده و متغيرهاي سن و جنسيت و سطح تحصيلات در برخي جنبه ها مي توانند بر توانمندي ناميدن، تاثير مستقيم يا عكس داشته باشند. براساس يافته ها، تفاوت معناداري بين صحت ناميدن افعال هم ريشه و غيرهم ريشه زبان اول (0٫001>p) و صحت ناميدن افعال غيرهم ريشه بين زبان اول و دوم (0٫001>p) مشاهده شد. همچنين ارتباط معناداري بين سطح تحصيلات و صحت ناميدن افعال غيرهم ريشه زبان دوم وجود داشت (0٫002=p). مقايسه متغيرهاي سرعت و صحت ناميدن نيز در دو گروه زن و مرد، تفاوت معناداري را بين دو گروه در صحت ناميدن افعال غيرهم ريشه زبان اول (0٫003=p) و زبان دوم (0٫001>p) نشان داد. نتيجه گيري براساس يافته هاي اين پژوهش مي توان نتيجه گرفت وضعيت هم ريشگي و شباهت هاي واج شناختي مي تواند بر توانمندي ناميدن كلمات در افراد دوزبانه تاثيرگذار باشد. همچنين طبق نتايج، مدل فعال سازي آبشاري به خوبي مي تواند بازيابي واژه در افراد دوزبانه را تبيين كند.

Background & Objective: In bilingual people, lexical selection, in addition to contending the competition between semantically related lexical representations, competing for word selections also occur between languages, which makes word retrieval a bit difficult. There are two views to explain how bilingual speakers select the correct words for the presented image in the intended language. First one assumes that lexical access in the target language is achieved by an imbalance in the activation levels of the two lexicons, but second view assumes that selection of the target word in the intended language is achieved by means of a lexical selection mechanism sensitive only to the activation of the lexical items of the intended language. Cognate status can influence recalling and retrieval of words from bilingual is lexical system. Cognates are word pairs with similar form and the same meaning in two languages; in contrast, non–cognate words have a common meaning and a different form. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether cognateness affects verbal recalling performance in balanced Kurdish–Persian bilinguals and ultimately to achieve a model or hypothesis that would explain the retrieval of vocabulary in bilingual individuals. Methods: This study was a cross–sectional and comparative study. The population of this study was all Kurdish–Persian bilinguals in Kurdistan province. The participants completed the language experience and proficiency questionnaire. They were also administered the original version of the Persian verbs picture naming test by using DMDX software in two Kurdish and Persian languages, with a 7–day interval. Paired t–test, Pearson and spearman correlations and independent t–test were used to analyze the data. Results: In comparing the cognate verbs with non–cognate verbs, the speed and accuracy of recalling of cognate verbs was higher than non– cognate verbs in both language. Whereas corresponding comparison of cognate and non–cognate verbs of the first language with cognate and non–cognate verbs of the second language indicate that the second language (Persian language) words in both verb type (cognate and non– cognate) are retrieved more easily. There was a significant difference between the accuracy of recalling the cognate and non–cognate verbs of the first language (p˂0.001) and the accuracy of recalling non–cognate verbs between the first and second languages (p˂0.001). In addition, there was a significant relationship between the level of education and the accuracy of recalling of non–cognate verbs (p=0.002). Comparing the speed and accuracy between male and female groups showed a significant difference between the two groups in accuracy of recalling non– cognate verbs in first (p=0.003) and second languages (p˂0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the cognate status and phonological similarities can effect on word retrieval and picture naming abilities in bilingual individuals. Based on the results “Cascade Activation Model” can explain the word retrieval in bilinguals was well.