چرا كودكان و نوجوانان در فعاليت بدني و ورزشي شركت مي‌كنند؟ بررسي ديدگاه ورزشكاران جوان، والدين و مربيان

Why do children and adolescents participate in physical activity and sports? Exploring perspective of youngster athletes, parents, and coaches

هدف اين مطالعه بررسي نگرش كودكان و نوجوانان، والدين و مربيان در خصوص ورزش و فعاليت بدني بود. اين مطالعه به روش كيفي با رويكرد تحليل محتوا انجام گرفت. به اين منظور داده‌ها با استفاده از مصاحبه‌هاي نيمه‌ساختارمند با 12 ورزشكار كودك و نوجوان، هشت والد و پنج مربي در شهر اصفهان جمع‌آوري شد. همۀ مصاحبه‌ها ضبط و سپس به‌صورت متن پياده‌سازي و با استفاده از روش تحليل محتواي كيفي تجزيه‌وتحليل شدند. يافته‌هاي پژوهش در دو طبقۀ انگيزش دروني و بيروني قرار داده شدند. عوامل انگيزشي دروني شامل انگيزه‌هاي رواني و انگيزۀ نياز به پيشرفت و عوامل انگيزشي بيروني شامل انگيزه‌هاي فراغتي، بهزيستي و سلامتي، دريافت حمايت از سوي خانواده، مربي و محيط، انگيزه‌هاي بيروني، انگيزه‌هاي اجتماعي، اثر رسانه و الگو، بهبود مهارت‌هاي زندگي، مشغول بودن و منحرف نشدن بود. با توجه به نتايج مي‌توان گفت ورزشكاران نوجوان با اهداف مختلفي به ورزش روي مي‌آورند كه مهم‌ترين آنها انگيزه‌هاي رواني است. براي ترغيب بيشتر كودكان و نوجوانان به سمت ورزش به والدين و مربيان توصيه مي‌شود اين انگيزه‌ها را تقويت كنند.

The main purpose of the present study was to explore the attitude of children, adolescents, parents and coaches towards sport and physical activity. The study utilized a directed qualitative content analysis approach to explore information transference in the way of narratives expressed by 12 youngster athletes, 8 parents, and 5 coaches using semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded on a digital recording system before the voice recordings were transcribed to text. The collected data were analyzed by directed qualitative content analysis. Findings were categorized into two general types of motivation including intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation factors included psychological motivation as well as the need of achievement motivation, while extrinsic motivation factors included motives like leisure, well-being, health, receiving support from family, coaches and community, as well as external motivations, social based motivations, improvement life skills, the effect of role models and media, and staying focused while at work and getting distracted. Based on results of the present study, it could be concluded that young athletes tend to do sport due to different goals, the most important of which was found to be psychological ones. To encourage youngsters to do sport and exercise more often, parents and coaches are strongly advised to strengthen those motivations.